Nature of Heredity and Problem of MecJiani.suf 307 



conducted under tlie guidance of Mendel's discoveries, on 

 the other, have almost if not (juite demonstrated some sort 

 of interdependence between the cliromosomes of the germ- 

 inal cells of several species of sexually ])ropao-ating plants 

 and animals, and such attributes of adults. IMiese demon- 

 strations are perhaps the most important achievements of 

 biology in the last decades, and they nmst ever hold high rank 

 in the history of the science. 



How do the new discoveries a})pear when viewed from the 

 organismal standpoint? A study of recent writings on 

 heredity gives one the impression that elementalist concep- 

 tions have left cells behind and passed on to chromosomes, 

 elements W'hich lie at a deeper level as one might express it, 

 of organic constitution than do cells. Much recent discus- 

 sion of the mechanism of heredity has not been cytological 

 so much as chromosomological. Somewhere in the first 

 few pages of nearly all semi-popular books on genetics one 

 finds diagrams of the egg-cell with the nucleus and its chro- 

 mosomes represented in due particularity, but with the body 

 of the egg left blank, the im})lication being that this part 

 contains nothing significant for heredity. So much has 

 recent thinking on the "hereditary substance" ke})t chro- 

 mosomes in the foreground as "carriers of hereditv" that 

 the most radical elementalists miglit, quite conceivably, grant 

 that the main mass of each cell, whether germ-cell or soma- 

 cell, may be an organ and so subject to the organism, yet 

 contend that the chromosomes are not so subject. In fact, 

 speculations like those recently ])ublished by the late K. A. 

 Minchin on the evolution of the cell ai)i)ear to claim just 

 this sort of primacy for chromosomes, or at any rate for 

 chromatin. 



