18 



turn brown. The cocoons are white and slender and are 

 laid side by side upon the under sides of twigs, where they 

 are conspicuous in winter. 



Remedies. Burn cocoons in winter or apply strong kero- 

 sene emulsion to them. Arsenites for the larvae in summer. 



AppLE-CuRCULio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say). A soft, 

 white grub, about half an inch long, living in the fruit. 



Remedies. Arsenites, as for codlin-moth, are usually 

 recommended. Probably jarring them off the tree, as is 

 done for plum-curculio, is the most effective treatment. 



APPLE FLEA-BEETLE (Graptodera foliacea, Lee.). Beetle, 

 one-fifth inch or less long, feeding upon leaves. 

 Remedy. Arsenites. 



APPLE-MAGGOT or RAILROAD- WORM (Trypeta pomonella, 

 Walsh). --Maggot; infests fall apples mostly, occasionally 

 attacks winter fruit. It tunnels apples through and through, 

 causing the fruit to fall to the earth. 



Remedies. Immediately destroy all infested fruit, pom- 

 ace, and apple-waste from the house. If the orchard is in 

 sod, burn the grass under the trees in fall or spring ; if in 

 cultivation, spade or plough up the soil under the trees 

 in spring. Orchards in sandy soil and with a southern 

 exposure are most affected. 



BARK-LOUSE (Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouch6). Minute in- 

 sects feeding upon the tender shoots, most active in early 

 spring. Later in the season the insect secretes a scale 

 under which it lives. The old scales become conspicuous 

 on the twigs. 



Preventive. Plant unaffected trees. 

 Remedies. Spray with kerosene emulsion, carbolic acid 

 wash, soda wash, or soap-and-soda wash, when shoots start. 

 Wash limbs in winter or before leaves start, with soap-suds 

 or lye water. Scrape off lice. 



BLIGHT. See under PEAR in Chap. IV. 



BUD-MOTH (Tmetocera ocellana, Fabr.). A minute insect, 

 the larvse destroying the flower-buds of apples, pears, 

 plums, etc. 



