ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 227 



is not suited to other lines of production and there 

 is capability and space in the valleys for the growth 

 of grains and forage for finishing stock for the mar- 

 ket. Proper alignment and association of these two 

 branches of cattle production should result in a much 

 larger output. The use of mountain summer pas- 

 tures, in the national forest areas and in private 

 ownership, must be connected with areas in the 

 foothills or valleys for care and feeding so that what 

 is gained in the summer shall not be lost during the 

 winter following and to the end that the calf percent- 

 age shall not fall too low. There are also problems 

 of fair financing of the cattle business, of transpor- 

 tation, of legislation to encourage the stockman and 

 protect him from wild beasts, from pests and diseases 

 and from thieves, all of which prey on his industry. 

 None of these things has been adequately provided 

 hitherto but seems now likely to be attained through 

 the wide association of cattlemen for the promotion 

 and protection of their industry. 



A summary of the beef industry of California as 

 of January, 1922, is prepared by the State Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, as follows: The number of 

 stock cattle grazing annually is 1,250,000, and the 

 number taken from the ranges annually for immedi- 

 ate slaughter is: 327,330 steers, 242,168 cows, 21,673 

 calves and 7,717 bulls and stags. The value of range 

 herds can reasonably be placed at $51,000,000; of 

 lands for grazing $250,000,000; amount of capital 

 invested is approximately $400,000,000. 



Before the American occupation, although cattle 



