EFFECTS OF RESTRAINT AND DOMESTICATION 179 



would make only a feeble and imperceptible impression 

 on the common herd. Constant intermingling of 

 animals which roam over wide areas tends to produce 

 similarity; while, if the area be small, as when animals 

 are reared in enclosed parks, variation is likely to be 

 perpetuated. Wild species, even when kept pure, when 

 brought under domestication often show marked vari- 

 ations from the original type, due not to admixture 

 of blood, but to changed food and environment. Even 

 when slightly restrained, as are the wild cattle of 

 Chillingham Park, variations are quite common. Dar- 

 win, in speaking of the variations in the Park cattle, 

 says that animals nearly in a state of nature, and 

 exposed to nearly uniform conditions, if not allowed to 

 roam freely, or to cross with other herds, do not remain 

 as uniform as wild, unrestrained animals. 



The feathered tribes usually make the first marked 

 departure from the feral type in the color of the 

 feathers. A good illustration of this is found in the 

 many colored turkeys, all originating from a dark- 

 bronzed wild turkey. Horses, cattle and pigs, when 

 brought under domestication, usually vary first in form, 

 although they may vary in color as well. The myriad 

 departures from reproduction of exact likeness which 

 we may see everywhere and at all times, do not argue 

 that something has occurred without a cause, or that a 

 miracle has been wrought, or that blind chance reigns 

 instead of law. To perpetuate, then, the qualities and 

 characteristics of a species or breed virtually intact, all 

 the conditions must be made similar to those which 

 prevailed in producing the breed. It should not be 



