138 THE INFLUENCE OF INANIMATE SURROUNDINGS. 



forming any decisive conclusion. For incstance, far too much 

 value has been attributed in this way to the in-operculated Terres- 

 trial Mollusca (Pulmonifera) ; for, in my opinion, it is absolutely 

 impossible to form any opinion as to the affinities of extinct 

 animals by comparing their shells, which are all that remains of 

 them, since recent investigations as to living Pulmonifera show 

 that very often species of the same genera have quite dissimilar 

 shells, while, on the other hand, the shells of many species belong- 

 ing to quite distinct genera, or even to different families, are so 

 much alike, that until quite recently they have been considered 

 as species of the same genera. I shall enter more minutely into 

 this subject somewhat later on. 



Even if we were prepared or obliged to admit that the fossil 

 remains in every instance allowed us to determine the affinities 

 of the species to living animals with absolute certainty and 

 not in the case of Vertebrata only, but in the Invertebrata also 

 still we might assert, and defend the position with success, 

 that the extinct species need by no means necessarily have 

 lived under the same climatic conditions as those forms which 

 are now regarded as their nearest living allies. For we have 

 seen that animals which in separate spots are stenothermal 

 (enduring but a small range of temperature) are able to exist in 

 very dissimilar temperatures when the whole extent of their 

 distribution is taken into consideration; thus E^plectella and 

 Semperella live in a constant warmth of about 15 in the 

 Philippine seas, while their nearest congeners can thrive in other 

 localities in so low a temperature as 1 above zero, which is the 

 temperature of great depths in the Atlantic, We have seen, 

 moreover, that animals, as parrots, which live almost exclu- 

 sively in the tropics under a mean annual temperature of 26 

 to 28 with a variation of from 6 to 8 at most, can never- 

 theless subsist in the open air in England, multiply, and even 

 produce new 'sports' or varieties, although living in a mean 

 annual temperature of only 12 to 13. with a variation between 

 the extremes of as much as 17. Thus the occurrence of a 

 parrot or of Siliceous Sponges and Crinoids in any geological 

 stratum in high latitudes is not a convincing proof that a 

 tropical climate prevailed during the deposition of that formation. 



