NOTES. 419 



animals, healthy in all other respects, annually shot by hunters seems to 

 be very considerable. (Dr. Hagen.) 



yote 19, i*age 78. There are but few totally blind vert ebrata abso- 

 lutely deprived, that is to say, of eyes. All the species of mole have 

 rudimentary eyes, as have the Proteus and the blind-fish, as they are 

 called, of the American caves; Amblyopsis spel&us, Typhlichthys 

 tubttrraneus, Stygicola dentatus and subterraneus (from caves in Cuba), 

 Gramas nigrilabris, Stygogenes eyclopum or of the caves of Asia, Ailia, 

 Skilbichthyi, Bagroide*, &c. Actually eyeless fish have hitherto been 

 found only at great ocean depths, and we owe our knowledge of them 

 to the ' Challenger ' expedition. They are Scopelida or LopMoidce. 

 What makes them especially interesting is the occurrence of the peculiar 

 organs on the head, first observed by Von Willemoes-Suhm, and subse- 

 quently accurately described by Giinther, who regards them as organs 

 of phosphorescence (see note 22). Truly blind invertebrate animals 

 are far more numerous. Most ento-parasites are perfectly eyeless 

 The number of species of blind cave-insects, which is being added to 

 every day, already amounts to hundreds. The reader who is specially 

 interested in these creatures will find a very complete review of the 

 literature of the subject in an admirable paper by Simon and Bedell in 

 the Hevue Zoologique. Associated with the blind cave irsects we 

 find blind spiders, Crustacea, and Myriapoda ; the blind crab of the 

 Kentucky caves has, according to Hagen {Monograph of the North Ameri- 

 can AxtatidtB), certainly only rudimentary eyes ; while other Crustacea, 

 as CfBcidotea, Stygia, Titancthft albus, and others, seem to be totally 

 blind. In the work of Putnam and Packard on the Mammoth Cave of 

 Kentucky there is a list of these forms with excellent illustrations. 

 Various Crustaceans which are called blind are known from the caverns 

 and subterranean waters of Europe ; to these belong Siphargus puteanug, 

 Titanethes albus, Crangonyx, Asellus Sieboldii. Univalves seem always 

 to have eyes, with the exception of a few which live as parasites, but a 

 Hydrobia found living in Munich by Bougemont, and which inhabits 

 deep springs, seems to have no eyes. Wiedersheim found rudimentary 

 eyes in the Hydrobia of the Falkenstein cavern. 



The ' Challenger ' expedition also has furnished us with rich materials 

 on this subject. Willemoes-Suhm, whose premature death we must 

 deeply deplore, made us acquainted with a large number of peculiar 

 blind Crustaceans, some of which live at a depth of more than 2,000 

 fathoms ; for instance, Petalophthalmus of various species, all the Mun- 

 opsdda, several Mysideee, several blind larvae belonging to the Zoea and 

 Megalopsis forms, Astaevs zaleucus, Aspen des cceca, Deidamia, &c. 

 Notices of these occur in the narratives of the voyaee communicated 

 to Mature ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. ; Proc. R. S. ; Linn. Soc. Trans. 

 And a tolerably complete guide to the literature of the subject is to be 

 found in Siebold's supplement to Willemoes-Suhm's Challenger- Brief en 



