THE DOG 



Ancestry of the Domesticated Dogs.^Early Uses of the Animal : Variations induced by 

 Civilization. — Shepherd-dogs : their Peculiarities ; other Breeds. — Possible Intellectual 

 Advances. — Evils of Specialized Breeding. — Likeness of Emotions of Dogs to those of 

 j\Ian : Comparison with other Domesticated Animals. — Modes of Expression of Emo- 

 tions in Dogs. — Future Development of this Species. — Comparison of Dogs and Cats as 

 regards Intelligence and Position in Relation to Man. 



It is an interestincr fact that the first creature which man 

 won to domesticity was made captive and friend for the sake 

 of companionship rather than for any grosser profit. The 

 dog was, the world over, the first Hving possession of man 

 beyond the Hmits of his own kindred. He has been so long 

 separated from the primitive species whence he sprang that 

 we cannot trace with any certainty his kinship with the creat- 

 ures of the wilderness. Like his master he has become so 

 artificialized that it is hard to conjecture what his original 

 state may have been. 



Naturalists are much divided in opinion in all that relates 

 to the origin of our ancient and common domesticated 

 animals ; and this for the reason that the longer a creature 

 has been subjected to the change-bringing conditions of our 

 fields and households, the further it has departed from the 

 parent stock. This difficulty is naturally the greatest in the 

 case of the dogs, for the reason that they have been longer 

 and^more completely under the control of man than any 

 other of the lower animals. Some students of the problem 

 have inclined to the opinion that the dog is a descendant 



