THE FLOCKS AND HERDS : BEASTS FOR 

 BURDEN, FOOD, AND RAIMENT 



Effect of this Group of Animals on Man. — First Subjugations. — Basis of Domesticability. 

 — Horned Cattle. — Wool-bearing Animals. — Sheep and Goats. — Camels : their Limi- 

 tation. — Elephants : Ancient History ; Distribution ; Intelligence ; Use in the Arts ; 

 Need of True Domestication. — Pigs/ their Peculiar Economic Value; Modern 

 Varieties ; Mental Qualities. — Relation of the Development of Domesticable Animals 

 to the Time of Man's Appearance on the Earth. 



It is not too much to say that the opportunity to go for- 

 ward on the paths of cuhure, at least the chance to advance 

 any considerable distance beyond the estate of primitive men, 

 depends in a considerable measure upon what the wilderness 

 may offer in the way of domesticable beasts of burden. 

 Where such exist we find that the folk who dwell with them 

 in any land are almost certain to have made great advances. 

 Where the surrounding nature, however rich, denies this 

 boon, we find that men, however great their natural abilities 

 may appear to be, exhibit a retarded development. Thus in 

 North America, where there was no domesticable beast of 

 burden, the Indians, though an able folk, remain savages. 

 So, too, in central and southern Africa, where the mammalian 

 life, though rich, affords no large forms which tolerate cap- 

 tivity, the people have failed to attain any considerable cul- 

 ture. On the other hand, in the great continent of the Old 

 World, where the horse, the ass, the buffalo, the camel, and 

 the elephant existed in the primitive wilds, men rose swiftly 

 toward the civilized station. 



