(3) Regulation. Because of the tendency of open- 

 access fisheries to attract excess capital and labor 

 which can deplete the stocks, most comnnercial 

 fishing operations are currently subject to govern- 

 ment regulations which stipulate the manner, time, 

 place, etc., in which harvesting may take place. 

 These stipulations usually result in harvesting activi- 

 ty that is not as economically efficient as it might 

 be. These stipulations will therefore affect the size 

 of NED benefits. 



Table 2.9.11 



2.9.10 Data sources. 



(a) Data for annual harvests, demand, harvesting 

 and processing costs, ex-vessel and other prices, 

 physical production, biological modeling, models or 

 information about management policies and regula- 

 tions, and survey results are available from several 

 Federal, State, and local government agencies, uni- 

 versities (especially those with sea grant programs), 

 private organizations (such as industry groups, fish- 

 ermen unions, or cooperatives), regional fisheries 

 management councils, and international commis- 

 sions or organizations. 



(b) Initial contacts should be made with the Na- 

 tional Mahne Fisheries Service Regional Office, 

 United States Coast Guard, State resource agen- 

 cies having management or other responsibility for 

 the fishery or resource in question, and all local or 

 regional fishery councils, commissions, or institutes 

 that have responsibility or jurisdiction or that are 

 functioning within the area affected by the project. 

 Fishenes dynamics biologists at universities or at 

 National Manne Fisheries Service regional laborato- 

 ries will be the best source of information on bio- 

 logical effects and their repercussion in the market. 



2.9.11 Report and display procedures. 



Section X— NED Benefit Evaluation 

 Procedures: Other Direct Benefits 



2.10.1 Introduction. 



This section provides a definition of other direct 

 benefits and procedural guidance for the evaluation 

 of other direct benefits attributable to water re- 

 sources plans and projects. Other direct benefits 

 are the incidental direct benefits of a project. The 

 other direct benefits to be included in the NED 

 benefit evaluation are the incidental effects of a 

 project that increase economic efficiency by in- 

 creasing the output of intermediate final consumer 

 goods over and above the direct outputs for which 

 the plan is being formulated. 



2.10.2 Conceptual basis. 



Other direct benefits are incidental to the primary 

 purposes of water resource projects. Primary pur- 

 poses of projects are those purposes for which the 

 alternative plans are formulated. Other direct bene- 

 fits derive from incidental increases in outputs of 

 goods and services or incidental reductions in pro- 

 duction costs. 



(a) Clear presentation of study results, as well as 

 documentation of key input data assumptions and 

 steps in the analysis, will facilitate review of the 

 report. Table 2.9.11 is a suggested method of data 

 presentation. Its use will provide the reader with in- 

 formation on physical changes in output as well as 

 value. 



(b) Because the benefits are broken down into 

 annual flows, it will be possible to determine if and 

 when the open access nature of commercial fishing 

 will lead to a dissipation of any NED benefits pro- 

 vided by the project. 



2.10.3 Planning setting. 



Standard planning procedures involve compari- 

 son of the with-project condition to the without-pro- 

 ject condition. In considering other direct benefits, 

 define the boundary of direct influence of the plan. 

 Economic efficiency gains to firms in production 

 and satisfaction gains to consumers other than 

 those identified as the direct beneficiaries of pri- 

 mary project purposes should be valued and meas- 

 ured as other direct benefits. 



(a) Without-project condition. Forecast future 

 conditions expected to exist without implementation 

 of the plan. The without-project condition is the pro- 

 jection of output and production levels and costs of 



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