28 HEREDITY OF SKIN COLOR IN NEGRO-WHITE CROSSES. 



fee and a pure white is a mustifino. With such extreme "dilution" 

 with white the progeny "pass for white" optically, socially, and politi- 

 cally. It is supposed that, in these successive matings with white, 

 not only skin color but also the form of the hair and the mental traits 

 approach those of the white. 



XI. THE YELLOW ELEMENT IN THE SKIN COLOR. 



The xanthic element in many of the determinations of skin color 

 is extraordinarily high. Where the per cent of N is high that of white 

 and yellow are both low, for example (in Pedigree 6, III, 2), N 54, 

 R 35, Y 6, W 5 ; or, the lo-year-old son of a negro woman (N 60, R 15, 

 Y 9, W 16) and an unknown man has a skin color of 55, 28, 7, 10. A 

 full-blooded black (Pedigree 7, I) gives 77, 15, 3, 5. The reason for 

 this is simply that the yellow pigment is largely hidden by the black. 

 On the other hand, in the light-skinned offspring of black and white 

 the proportion of yellow is frequently high. A few examples are cited 

 in table 29. 



TABLE 29. Examples of high proportion of the yellow element in the skin color of hybrids. 



Subject. 



B 25, I, i (Indian blood) . . . . 

 " 8, II, 2 



9, III, 20 



10, II, i (Fi X white) 



io II, 2 



io, II, 3 



13. II. 7 (Chinese ancestry) 



N. R. Y. W. 



IS, II- 3 5 



X. R. Y. W. 



Several conclusions can be drawn from table 29: (i) the "olive" 

 complexion of many mulattoes is due to the uncovering, by dilution of 

 the black pigment, of the yellow pigment that is present in the negro 

 as well as Indian and Chinese races to a greater extent than the whites ; 

 (2) there is a high xanthic tendency in particular families, e.g., J. io, 

 J- !9> J- 33 1 (3) families with Chinese and Indian blood have descendants 

 with a high proportion of yellow. 



XII. THE "FIXED WHITE," THE "PASS FOR WHITE," AND THE 



BY LAW." 



' WHITE 



Every student of the negro X white crosses at Bermuda and 

 Jamaica soon hears of the "fixed white." One of the most prominent 

 Jamaicans thus defined the term: Fixed whites are those who not 

 only "pass for white" but also breed all pure whites; and he estimates 

 that five or six generations at least are necessary for this. "Pass for 

 white" is used to indicate those who appear white, but some of these 

 may have had darker children. In Jamaica, as indeed in some of 



