THE ORIGIN OF GYNANDROMORPHS. 93 



the left side is pure subregnaria." The text leaves it uncertain 

 whether the individual is a gynandromorph, although this appears 

 not to be the case, for while the former specimen is classified as a 

 gynandromorph, this one is put into a separate paragraph entitled 

 "Asymmetrical specimen." Its genitalia are said to "present the 

 same division of characters as those exhibited externally, as may be 

 seen from figure 8, which shows the furca and the penis, the left side being 

 that of the hybrid, whilst the right is evidently subregnaria, conforming 

 itself to the structure of the left." 



Harrison explains the result as due to two spermatozoa entering 

 the egg, the nucleus of one of which conjugated as usual with the egg- 

 nucleus, but the nucleus of the other, instead of degenerating, gave 

 rise to the nuclei determining the right side of the body, which would 

 then be pure subregnaria and differs from the hybrid left side, which 

 resulted from the conjugation of nuclei derived from two different 

 species. Insofar as one side is purely paternal, this case is in line with 

 Morgan's hypothesis of multiple fertilization and does not conform 

 to Boveri's view. On the other hand, there is the same cytological 

 difficulty here as encountered in Toyama's case, namely, that in Lepi- 

 doptera the male is the homozygous individual. A single nucleus 

 should give rise, therefore, to a female, but here probably both sides, 

 and certainly the pure subregnaria, side is male. 



The hypothesis of elimination will not help out here, for even if a 

 quercinaria daughter chromosome was the one lost, the single sex 

 chromosome should give rise to female parts. On the other hand, 

 one of the alternative views suggested above for Abraxas covers this 

 case, viz, the view that an egg had two nuclei or that several sperma- 

 tozoa entering and fusing in pairs gave rise to the male parts. 



Cockayne (1916) described a hybrid gynandromorph that came 

 from a cross of Amorpha ocellatus male by A. populi female. It was 

 male on the right side and female on the left. Although the wings 

 did not expand, it was evident that on both sides the specific characters 

 were intermediate between the two parents. The insect had neither 

 ovary nor testis, but the external genitalia were male on one side and 

 female on the other. 



Vasseler described a bilateral gynandromorph of Argynnis paphia 

 in which the left side was male and paphia, and the right side was female 

 and valesina. The latter is a characteristic varietal form. The result 

 can be explained by dislocation of the sex chromosome on the basis 

 that the factor of valesina is sex-linked and that it is recessive. 



According to Rudolphi,^ a gynandromorph was sent to McLeay from 

 Rio de Janeiro, var. Papilio laodicus on the female side and P. polycaon 

 on the male side. Dr. F. E. Lutz has been good enough to look up 



' Rudolphi, D. K. A., Abh. phys. klass. Konig, Akad. wiss., Berlin, 1825. See Trans. Linn. 

 Soc, XIV, p. 584. 



