THE DISEASES OP CATTLE. 296 



with a species of entozoa, termed coenurus ; they consist of a 

 parent sac, or membranous tunic, from which, externally, 

 germination takes place. This mode of multiplication of this 

 group of parasites, differs from that which is observed in the 

 hydatid — fluke — in which it occurs internally. 



Symptoms of Sturdy. — The symptoms will depend altogether 

 upon the number and size of the parasites. In their early 

 state, they take up but little room, and do not occasion any 

 very marked symptoms ; yet, if the animal could only speak, 

 we might be informed that he was the subject of headache. 

 As the parasite or parasites increase in size, they produce 

 pressure on the brain, which makes the animal appear giddy, 

 confused, nervous, and desirous of separating itself from the 

 herd; and it is in consequence of these peculiar symptoms 

 making their appearance, when no other form of disease is 

 present, that the term sturdy is applied, which is simply used 

 to denote the presence of cerebral parasites. 



Treatment. — When once these parasites have fairly taken up 

 their abode in the cranial cavity of an ox, I fear there is very 

 little help. An operation, such as that alluded to by the writer 

 of the appended article, may, once in a while, prove successful, 

 yet, in my opinion, the remedy is about as bad as the disease ; 

 therefore, I recommend prevention rather than attempts at cure. 

 The preventive remedies are as follows : — 



Salt, sulphur, and charcoal, equal parts. This is a specific 

 for all parasites. About a table-spoonful of the mixture, given 

 occasionally in the food, will prevent the germination of many 

 forms of parasites. 



The following interesting " translations " are by Mr. Gam- 

 gee:— 



" Sturdy in Cattle. — No less than seven bladders of the 

 coenurus were found in the left hemisphere of the cere- 

 brum, in an old cow affected with the sturdy. Between the 

 dura mater and the cranial parieties there were several trans- 

 parent vesicles about the size of a pea, embedded in the 

 substance of the bones. The left hemisphere of the cerebrum 

 only weighed three drachms, and a scruple less than the right, 



