HUMAN EFFORT AS A FACTOR IN PRODUCTION 233 



hoeing, weeding, pruning, and harvesting, in all localities in the cen- 

 tral and northern part of the state in which intensive farming was 

 carried on. Being inefficient with teams, and white men being avail- 

 able for such work in most localities, they were practically limited to 

 hand work. They found favor in many instances because of the fact 

 that they provided their own subsistence where white men, if they did 

 not live close at hand, would have to be provided with board. Lodg- 

 ings were easily provided for the Chinese, who are less dissatisfied when 

 "bunked" in small quarters than is any other race thus far employed 

 in the West. 



The Chinese engaged in agriculture were very largely replaced by 

 Japanese. The Chinese engaged in the growing of sugar beets were 

 underbid and displaced by the more progressive and quicker Japanese 

 and have all but absolutely disappeared from the industry. In the 

 hop industry the Japanese underbid the Chinese as the Chinese had 

 the white men. The same is true in the deciduous-fruit industry, 

 though Chinese lease orchards and in almost every locality are 

 employed in comparatively large groups on some of the older ranches. 

 The largest amount of land is leased by them and the largest number 

 of them are employed for wages in the orchards and on the large 

 tracts devoted to the production of vegetables on the Sacramento 

 and San Joaquin rivers. Migration from place to place for seasonal 

 work has become rare.' Moreover, as the Japanese have advanced, 

 the Chinese have leased fewer orchards and withdrawn to grow vege- 

 tables or have gone to the towns and cities. Though the number 

 employed in agricultural work is by no means small, they are no 

 longer a dominant factor in the labor supply and especially in that 

 required for harvesting the crops. 



Until 1898 the number of Japanese immigrating to the continental 

 United States had never reached 2,000 in any one year. From 1899- 

 1900 to 1906-7 the number varied between 4,319 and 12,626 per year, 

 and from the beginning of 1902 to the end of 1907, 37,000 came from 

 the Hawaiian Islands to the mainland. The influx of Japanese 

 laborers has been controlled and reduced to small proportions during 

 the last two years by a series of measures which permits the greater 

 part of the administrative problem to rest with the Japanese govern- 

 ment. 



Like the earliest immigration of the Chinese and the present 

 immigration of most of the south and east European races, the 

 majority of the Japanese immigrants have been of the agricultural 



