572 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 



of the lakes and Erie Canal were sent at still lower rates. During the 

 calendar year 1905 the mean rate by lake and canal to New York 

 from Chicago was 5 . 53 cents per bushel, by lake and rail the rate was 

 6.40 cents, and the railroads charged 9.90 cents for carrying the 

 wheat the entire distance. The all-rail rate from Chicago to Balti- 

 more and Norfolk was 3 cents per 100 pounds less than the rate to 

 New York or Boston and i cent below the charge to Philadelphia, on 

 exported wheat. The mean all-rail rate on exported wheat from 

 Chicago to the Atlantic seaboard may be taken as about 13 cents 

 per 100 pounds, or 7.8 cents per bushel. On wheat intended for 

 domestic consumption the rate to Boston from Chicago was 4 . 5 cents 

 per 100 pounds above the export rate, and the mean rate on domestic 

 wheat from Chicago to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 

 and Norfolk exceeded the mean export rate by 3 cents per 100 pounds, 

 or i .8 cents per bushel. 



The average rate on wheat from local points in the interior to the 

 Atlantic and Gulf coasts is less than the sum of the charge from those 

 points to primary markets plus the charge from these markets to the 

 seaboard. The mean rate from local stations in the wheat region east 

 of the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic seaboard is taken as 13.4 

 cents per bushel, which is the mean rate from Kansas City and Omaha 

 to that coast, and the rate to the Gulf as 10 .8 cents, the same as from 

 Kansas City to New Orleans and Galveston. The average rate from 

 local shipping points to both coasts, allowing for the relative quantity 

 of wheat exported from each, would be 12.6 cents per bushel. 



Ocean rates were higher than usual during the year 1905-6, and 

 the mean charge for carrying wheat by regular steamship lines to 

 Liverpool from New York, a distance of about 3,100 miles, was 

 3 .8 cents per bushel, or i .6 cents less than it cost a farmer to haul 

 the wheat 9.4 miles from his farm to a neighboring railroad station. 

 Sometimes the rate on wheat from an Atlantic port in the United 

 States to Liverpool is as low as i . 5 cents per bushel, or 3 . 9 cents less 

 than the average cost of hauling from the farms. The average of the 

 rates on wheat to Liverpool by regular lines from New Orleans and 

 New York and by chartered vessels from Baltimore, not including 

 costs of transfer, may be taken as 4.8 cents per bushel, or 0.6 cent 

 less than the cost of hauling in wagons from farms to shipping points. 



The mean price at Liverpool for "No. 2 red winter" wheat for 

 five months ending June 30, 1906, the season when this grade was 

 most frequently quoted there, was 92.6 cents per bushel, and the 



