CHAPTER XIV 

 LAND DRAINAGE 



Digging the Tile Ditch. After the survey and the depths 

 of the grade lines at all stations have been marked plainly 

 upon the guide stakes, it then becomes the duty of the tiler 

 to dig the ditch, or trench, accurately to grade, and to place 

 the tile closely and firmly upon the bottom. 



Fig. 53. Hand tools used in digging tile ditches. Nos. 1 

 and 2 are square-end tiling spades, 3 and 4 are open or skele- 

 ton tile spades, 5 is a tile scoop or crumber, 6 is a round- 

 point shovel, 7 is a tile hook, and 8 a soil auger. 



Hand Digging. Tile ditches are quite generally dug by 

 hand, and under certain conditions it is the only practical 

 method. The ditch is usually dug so that the center of the 



