438 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 



Walls. It is essential to have a wall dry and warm, and 

 smooth on the inside. Drop siding is often used on the out- 

 side of the studding and smooth ceiling on the inside. In 

 mild climates a single wall is satisfactory, but in northern 

 climates a double wall must be used. A cement-plastered 

 wall on the inside is very suitable from a sanitary standpoint. 

 In extreme cold localities the walls may be stuffed with hay 

 or shavings. A monolithic, or solid, concrete wall is damp, 

 but a hollow wall is very satisfactory. These walls are made 

 with about a 4-inch air space between a 5-inch outer wall and 

 a 3-inch inner wall, reinforced and tied together with iron or 

 steel headers or ties. 



Windows. Windows should be placed to give maximum 

 light; about 1 square foot of glass to 20 to 25 feet of floor 

 space is adequate. 



Space Required. A common rule is to allow 1 cubic foot 

 of space for each pound of live weight housed. For the av- 

 erage dairy cow 500 to 700 cubic feet is sufficient when there 

 is proper ventilation. The stalls should be from 36 to 42 

 inches wide, for average conditions. The ceiling is usually 

 8 feet in the clear. 



Floors. Cement floors are the most satisfactory, but 

 are condemned because they are cold. But if dry and pro- 

 vided with sufficient bedding, they should be satisfactory in 

 every way. They are by far the most sanitary. Board floors 

 may be used but are not durable and are more difficult to 

 clean. No woodwork should be imbedded in cement floors. 



Cork and wood blocks are used to some extent but have 

 not passed beyond the experimental stage. 



The Roof. Shingles or a high grade of prepared roofing 

 may be used. 



Size of Gutter. The gutter is usually 14 or 16 inches 

 wide and 4 to 10 inches deep. The bottom may be level, 



