FARM STRUCTURES . 439 



crosswise, or sloping to one side. The latter is objectionable, 

 as cows sometimes slip in a gutter with a sloping bottom. 

 The gutter should have a slope lengthwise of 1/16 to 1/10 inch 

 per foot for drainage. 



Facing of Cows. Opinions differ as to the advantages of 

 facing cows in or out when two rows of stalls are used. Stalls 

 that face in are convenient in feeding, and the cows do not 

 face the light, which is said to be injurious to their eyes. Ven- 

 tilation may also be more effective. The opposite system 



Fig. 282. Interior of a modern dairy barn. 



gives advantages in removing the litter and in milking and 

 handling the cows. 



Mangers. The mangers for dairy barns are made of 

 plank, concrete, or sheet steel. Concrete mangers are more 

 sanitary and durable than wooden mangers, but are more 

 expensive. They should be made continuous, with a drain 

 at one end for cleaning. The back side of the manger must 

 be from 4 to 6 inches high, enabling the cows to lie down. 

 Mangers are usually about 3 feet in width over all. Box 

 mangers should be made removable, to facilitate cleaning. 



