STATUS OF PASTEURIZATION OF MILK. 25 



bor the diphtheria organisms and discharge them from the nose or 

 throat. Typhoid carriers discharge typhoid bacilli in their feces or 

 urine. Diphtheria carriers may become so after having an acute 

 attack of the disease or from other carriers. Typhoid carriers are 

 particularly important, because from 2 to 4 per cent of the persons 

 who have had typhoid fever continue, as evidence shows, to discharge 

 the typhoid bacilli in their feces or urine or both and become chronic 

 carriers. 



Persons suffering from sore throat are a menace to the milk 

 supply, and probably the organisms responsible for septic sore throat 

 are sometimes carried in the throat of apparently normal individuals. 



It is manifestly impossible to have a medical examination of all per- 

 sons engaged in producing and handling milk. Yet such examinations 

 at frequent intervals would be necessary, together with tuberculin 

 testing and the assurance of unpolluted water supplies on every farm, 

 in order to safeguard the milk supply of the Nation to the same 

 extent that is now possible by proper pasteurization. The apprecia- 

 tion of the need for pasteurization is distinctly shown by the marked 

 increase in pasteurization in the United States. 



REFERENCES TO LITERATURE. 



ANDERSON, A. K., and FINKELSTEIN, K. 



(1) 1919. A study of the electro-pure process of treating milk. In Jour. 



Dairy Science, v. 2, no. 5, p. 374-406. 

 AYEBS, S. H., and JOHNSON, W. T., jr. 



(2) 1910. The bacteriology of commercially pasteurized and raw market 



milk. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. no. 126. 



(3) 1913. A study of the bacteria which survive pasteurization. U. S. 



Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. no. 161. 



(4) 1914. Ability of streptococci to survive pasteurization. In U. S. 



Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, v. 2, no. 4, p. 321-330. 



(5) 1914. The destruction of bacteria in milk by ultra-violet rays. In 



Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], Abt. 2, Bd. 40, No. 1/8, p. 109-131. 



(6) 1915. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization. In U. S. 



Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, v. 3, no. 5, p. 401-410. 

 and DAVIS, B. J. 



(7) 1918. The thermal death point and limiting hydrogen ion concentra- 



tion of pathogenic streptococci. In Jour. Infec. Diseases, v. 23, no. 

 3, p. 290-300. 

 BEATTIE, J. M. 



(8) 1916. The electrical treatment of milk for infant feeding. In Jour. 



State Med., London, v. 24, no. 4, p. 97-113. 



(9) 1920. On the destruction of bacteria in milk by electricity. Gt. Brit. 



Med. Research Committee, Spec., Rpt. no. 49. 

 BOWEN, J. T. 



(10) 1914. The cost of pasteurizing milk and cream. U. S. Dept. Agr., 



Bui. no. 85. 



