Preface. ix 



the one from the other, and between each two is a 

 row of apples on cordons or single horizontal wires; 

 and in the spaces potatoes or other annual crops are 

 often planted. Even the wires that brace the end 

 posts of the trellises have apple trees trained on 

 them like strands of vines. Each' tree is trained to 

 a definite number of branches or arms, and even the 

 fruit -spurs are carefully determined. This plantation 

 is the property of a company whose business it is to 

 care for the land and the trees, and to find a mar- 

 ket for the fruit. It is expensive to grow apples 

 in this way ; but the best Calvilles often bring a 

 gulden (about forty -one cents) apiece. 



Perhaps the most important lesson which the 

 American fruit-grower has yet to learn is the fact 

 that there are two types of effort in commercial fruit- 

 growing, and that there may be pecuniary reward in 

 fruits which are unknown in the market. Failure to 

 distinguish these two categories is the result of a con- 

 fusion of ideas. One grows fruit either for a special 

 and personal market, in which case he looks for his 

 own customer and is independent of general trade; or 

 he grows what the market demands, and allows the 

 machinery of trade to handle the product. In the 

 latter effort, the American fruit-grower is preeminent; 

 but in the former he has made little more than a 

 beginning. 



L. H. BAILEY. 



BOZKN, TYKOL, May 20, 1898. 



