Preface. vii 



the European customs and ideals. He is bold and 

 confident. He easily buys and sells land. He con- 

 trols his own efforts and destinies. He has more help 

 from teachers and experiment stations than the Euro- 

 pean has. A single instance will illustrate all this. 

 Spraying for fungous diseases is a European develop- 

 ment, whereas large -area spraying for insects is an 

 American development. The American has assimi- 

 lated the spraying for plant diseases and has made 

 improvements in the machinery, while he has at the 

 same time made equal progress in fighting insects; 

 but the European has not assimilated the American 

 methods of handling insects, and spraying for plant 

 diseases is probably less generally understood than in 

 America. 



In manj- parts of Europe, the farmer is a tenant, 

 and he therefore has little interest in planting trees. 

 But even if he owns land, the area is usually small, 

 notwithstanding the fact that there are many very 

 large individual plantations. There are few great geo- 

 graphical regions which are adapted to fruit-growing, 

 or which, if they are adapted, can be utilized for that 

 purpose. The environments of the Old World farmer 

 a IT relatively inflexible. The result is that his methods 

 tend to become stereotyped and rigid. He lacks the 

 inspiration which comes of conditions which are easily 

 recast and modified. His small areas must be so 

 crowded with many kinds of plants that machine- 

 work is impossible. There are few orchards in Europe, 

 as that word is understood in America, meaning an 

 area devoted exclusively to tree fruits set at regular 



