74 The Principles of Fruit-growing. 



more injury from being shaken than from an ordinary late frost. 

 * * * * The evergreens should be planted in lines parallel 

 with the pear rows, and they will more than pay for the ground 

 they occupy in protecting the fruit trees from heavy gales.. 

 Quinn, Pear Culture for Profit, 19. 



It is within the power of man greatly to modify the character 

 of a situation by the judicious planting of belts of evergreens, 

 by a wise addition of elements and a proper culture of the soil, 

 and by encouraging the shade of the vineyard itself wherever 

 circumstances indicates its necessity. Strong, Culture of the 

 Grape, 101. ' . 



In general, it will be found necessary to secure protection on 

 the west, north and northeast. * * * * No defense is better 

 than a good belt of Norway spruce, and if they form a crescent 

 in which the vineyard is embowered, but little danger need be 

 apprehended from violent winds. Phin, Open Air Grape Cul- 

 ture, 40. 



If the land has no protection from the north and northwest, 

 see what the facilities are for supplying one either by walls or ;i 

 belt of trees. If trees are to be used, evergreens are best. Ful- 

 ler, Grape Culturist, 89. 



The location [for the vineyard] should be sheltered from the 

 cold winds from the north and northwest. Husmann, Culture of 

 the Native Grape, 43. 



An artificial wind-break of this kind ["in the shape of an L, 

 sometimes a perfect square," generally of cottonwoods, of the 

 style prevalent in the west] is an excellent thing for the build- 

 ings, and it should embrace several acres, but for protection to 

 the orchard it is worse than useless. In a quiet, warm day in 

 late winter these groves reflect the sun's rays, and, if continued 

 for some days, will either start too early a growth, which is soon 

 to freeze up again, or the freezing and thawing of the bark kills 

 it in patches, and we have the next summer the evidence in the 

 sloughing off of the bark on the sunny side, followed by decayed 

 wood and a consequent swarm of borers, which take possession, 



