Smudging in Europe. 115 



which shall be lighted without delay whenever nec- 

 essary.' The practice was obligatory in at least one 

 part of Germany at the end of the last century. 

 In Mr. He"guilus' pamphlet* is quoted a set of regu- 

 lations, issued in the Bailiwick of Pforzheim (Grand 

 Duchy of Baden) in 1796, which provides that the 

 inhabitants of the communes shall be divided into 

 companies of twelve or eighteen men, under a chief, 

 to operate in districts assigned them by an official 

 inspector, and provides for a system of night watch- 

 men, whose duty it was to give warning of the 

 necessity for lighting the fires. 'Whoever of the in- 

 habitants,' Article VII. of these regulations reads, 

 'shall refuse to obey, shall be prosecuted before the 

 bailiff and receive exemplary punishment.' Bous- 

 singault found the custom among the Indians of 

 Peru, who inherited it from the pre- Spanish civili- 

 zation. 



"Various substitutes for the bundles of straw, and 

 such primitive smudges, have been proposed, and a 

 number of patented compositions are on the French 

 market. Mr. A. Lippens, of Ghent, in a letter, 

 describes several of them. He writes: 



" 'Generally they' [f. e., the French vine -grow- 

 ers] 'use three bundles of small fagots, in which 

 they insert half -dried hay and wet straw. A line 

 of about fifty suffices for a hundred acres.' The 

 cost is about ten cents an acre. 'More enlightened 

 vine -growers use the heavy oils of coal gas from 



*Procede H6|fuilus, "La Vigne et les gelees print anieres." Loddve (H6rault), 



