Making the Rows Straight. 257 



enough small split stakes, that may be easily seen, 

 to put at each end of every tree row; that is, 

 enough to go entirely around the tract. Then, set 

 a stake firmly at a spot which shall be the first 

 established corner of the outside limits of the 

 orchard. It must, however, be set at a spot which 

 shall also be the end of another line running exactly 

 at right angles to the base line. In the west, 

 where the farms are nearly all laid out in perfect 

 squares or rectangles, the field.-* are apt to be rec- 

 tangular. In the absence of a surveyor's transit, 

 a carpenter's square may be used to establish the 

 lines, by sighting along its edges when laid on the 

 tops of three stakes at the corner. Set a stake at 

 the farther end of each of these lines. From this 

 first corner stake measure along the base line fifteen 

 feet, or as far as it is thought best to have the 

 width of the margin between the trees and the 

 fence, and there set a stake. Next, measure along 

 the base line from this second stake the distance 

 that the trees will be apart, and set a stake. 

 Measure along the entire length of the base line, 

 setting a stake at every 16%, 20, 25, 33 feet, or 

 whatever distance may have been decided upon. 

 This line of stakes being only the ends of the 

 transverse rows and not the places for trees, they 

 need not be set absolutely in a straight line, but 

 should be nearly so. Then, go back to the original 

 corner stake and measure fifteen feet at right angles 

 to the base line and set a stake, which determines 

 the width of the border next the base line. Now, 



