Winter -killing of Trees. 313 



yard label (designed by W. Paddock, State Experi- 

 ment Station, Geneva, N. Y.). The label is a strip 

 of heavy zinc secured to a stiff galvanized wire. 

 This wire or shank is provided with . a hook at the 

 lower end and a half -hitch near its middle, so that it 

 can be securely adjusted to the wires of the trellis, 

 holding the label well above the foliage. 



INJURIES BY COLD AND RAIN. 



There are two distinct types of injuries to fruit 

 plants by cold, true winter -killing (or the injury of 

 the tree or buds when perfectly dormant by the low 

 temperature of winter time), and the killing of the 

 growing or swelling parts by the "cold snaps" or 

 frosts of late spring and early fall. Either subject 

 is too large for full elaboration in the present vol- 

 ume, and therefore only some of the most obvious 

 and usual aspects of the subjects are here considered. 



Winter -killing of the wood. There are three fac- 

 tors which chiefly appeal to the fruit-grower in th 

 winter-killing of trees, positive cold, very dry or 

 very wet soil, and heaving of the land by frost. 

 The subject of "dry freezing" has already been dis- 

 cussed to some extent in Chapter I. The heaving 

 of the land is prevented by drainage, by proper 

 methods of tillage, and by the judicious use of cover 

 crops. The degree of cold may be somewhat modi- 

 fied, as we have already found, by exercising judg- 

 ment in the selection of site and exposure, and by 

 the careful employment of wind-breaks. Yet, winter- 



