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of the same race possess the same characters ; herein do racial 

 values exist and hereby are racial distinctions established. 



Variation practically confined to racial characters. In all the 

 examples of variation that have been cited, and they have 

 purposely been many, and in all the cases that occur in our 

 fields and yards, variation is confined to racial characters. This 

 is the experience of breeders everywhere. When dealing with 

 cattle breeding all variation is of cattle characters. We do not 

 expect and we do not find among cattle the appearance of char- 

 acters belonging to horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, or chickens, 

 except as they are possessed in common. The same is true of 

 other species, and when characters are possessed in common 

 the variation in each case is well within the range of the species 

 in question. 



That is to say, variations in cattle all appear among well- 

 known and long-established characters that distinctly belong to 

 cattle, such as the head, horns, legs, color, udder, quantity or 

 quality of milk, etc. Among chickens the variations are among 

 chicken characters, such as the shape and color of feathers ; size, 

 color, and quality of the egg ; quality of meat, etc. 



We find neither chicken characters appearing among cattle 

 nor cattle characters appearing among chickens. The hen can- 

 not give milk, nor can the cow bear feathers. There is no inter- 

 change of characters between species, either by birth or by 

 acquisition afterward. Not only that, but even when the same 

 character is possessed by two distinct species its variations in 

 each are well within the range of the particular species. For 

 example, the legs of cattle and chickens are built upon the same 

 general plan, but they have drifted far apart, and do not overlap 

 even in their variations. The leg of a horse and the leg of a cow 

 are on nearly the same plan, and yet no one would mistake the 

 one for the other, no matter what the range of variation. Even 

 color deviations are always within certain definite limits. 



No such thing as an acquired character. Variation is, there- 

 fore, a condition, not a thing. It is the state of a racial character, 

 not the result of the introduction of a new one ; indeed, variation 

 by the introduction of a positively new character is, if not 

 unknown among us, a matter that belongs to general evolution 



