228 Principles of Plant Culture. 



remove the tree. This cylinder should be large enough 

 so that the tree is left with abundant roots, or as large 

 as can be removed with the apparatus at hand. When 

 the ground is frozen to the proper depth, the tree may 

 be tipped over by means of a rope and windlass, after 

 which the cylinder of earth enclosing the roots may be 

 pried up sufficiently to allow some low vehicle to be 

 placed beneath it. The branches are usually permitted 

 to drag upon the ground in removal, as the wounded 

 parts may be cut off in the severe pruning necessary in 

 planting large trees (409c). 



Large trees may be lifted or lowered to accommodate 

 grading. A trench is dug around the tree, leaving a 

 cylinder of earth intact about the roots. Soil is then 

 removed from beneath one side of the cylinder below 

 the roots and a block set under as a fulcrum. The top 

 of the tree is then inclined toward the fulcrum by means 

 of a rope, until the roots are lifted on the opposite side. 

 If the tree is to be raised, soil is packed under the eleva- 

 ted roots, after which the top is tilted in the opposite 

 direction, until the roots are lifted on the fulcrum side, 

 when soil is placed under as before. This process is re- 

 peated until the tree has been lifted to the desired height. 

 If the tree is to be lowered, earth is removed at each 

 tilt. 



404. Sacking the Earth-Enclosed Roots is practiced in 

 lifting and removing orange trees in California and may 

 be profitably employed with other evergreens. A rather 

 deep trench is dug at one side of the tree, and from this 

 trench, the deeper roots are severed. The top earth is 

 then removed down to the first lateral roots, when all 



