204 LIVE-STOCK JUDGING 



of the chest that a cow must have in order to insure ample 

 heart and lung capacity, are responsible for a third tri- 

 angle, the apex of which is directed upward and is most 

 easily made out when the chine is looked down upon. A 

 fourth, an inverted triangle, may be demonstrated in the 

 hindquarters. The long, broad, level rump forms the 

 base, while the light thighs, concave from both side and 

 rear view, form lines which, inclining downward and 

 inward, approximate an apex. These triangles or wedges, 

 it should be understood, are the effect rather than the 

 cause of a cow's being productive, and mean little except 

 that they represent capacity of the reproductive, digestive, 

 respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems in a female 

 whose proclivities are most extremely opposed to beef 

 production. 



224. Conformation. A long, narrow feminine head 

 with a straight face line, except as altered by breed charac- 

 ter ; a large, clear eye, with mild expression, yet indicative 

 of nerve force ; forehead broad and flat ; ears of medium 

 size, fine texture, set high and well carried ; horns that are 

 symmetrical in size and shape, of fine texture, with con- 

 siderable curvature to distinguish them from the long, 

 spreading, straight horn of the steer and the short, heavy 

 horn of the bull, the size, shape and color of the horn 

 being features of breed character and varying accordingly ; 

 the neck long and lean in the extreme, showing concavity 

 of both top and sides and a light, clean-cut throat ; the 

 shoulders long, light, well laid in and narrow on top ; the 

 forelegs straight with ample bone ; the chine narrow and 

 light, its spines sharp and wide apart or open, the foreribs 

 deep and arched below ; the back long and straight, with 

 no sag, the back ribs well sprung and deep; the loin 

 broad and level, the flank deep but rather open ; the hips 



