LIVERWORTS 137 



production of fresh plants is not always effected 

 in what may be called the normal way, namely, 

 by means of flowers, fruit, and spores, though we 

 do not meet with the same wealth of resource in 

 this matter that we did when dealing with the 

 mosses. In many liverworts fresh shoots take 

 the place of the older plants, whilst in not a few 

 reproduction is effected through the agency of 

 very small bud-like bodies or gemma, very similar 

 in appearance to those which are developed by 

 certain of the mosses (p. 86). In the leafy liver- 

 worts these buds arise from the margins of the 

 leaves, and plants are not unfrequently found 

 having dark brown patches on the tips of the 

 upper leaves, which are easily seen, even with an 

 ordinary magnify ing-glass. These, at first sight, 

 might readily be taken for some obtrusive fungoid 

 growth, but an examination under the microscope 

 will disclose that they consist of considerable 

 numbers of these tiny buds. Plate IX. fig. 13 

 illustrates this ; it is a drawing of a frond of the 

 Tumid Liverwort (Jungermannia ventricosa\ a 

 little pale green plant, with notched leaves, which 

 grows on damp banks, or in boggy places, especially 

 in clay ; in fig. 14 of the same plate we have one 

 of these clusters of buds more highly magnified. 



In certain of the frondose plants these buds are 

 formed in small cup-like growths on the upper 

 surface of the frond. The diminutive leafy re- 

 ceptacles, with the small green buds lying inside 



