TYPES OF VEGETATION 21 



of vegetation into milk, butter, cheese, or meat. Cattle 

 need to be pastured on rich and succulent grasses to yield 

 good and abundant milk. Dairy-farming is thus most 

 successful in the moister parts of oceanic regions (e.g., 

 Brittany, Denmark, Holland, West of England, Ireland). 

 Where cattle are reared for meat and hides only, and not 

 for milk, a relatively poor grass will suffice, and such are 

 the conditions on the great ranches of America.^ 



The large amount of food required by stock leads, on 

 the one hand, to the utilization of large areas of pasturage, 

 as in the case of nomadic pastoral tribes ; or, on the other 

 hand, to the necessity for a certain amount of artificial 

 feeding, at least during a portion of the year, when the 

 natural herbage fails. For this reason, fodder and root- 

 crops are raised in dairy-districts almost entirely as food 

 for cattle. 



Climate and Vegetation in Europe. 



England is a small country, and shows very little of 

 that diversity of climate which we are accustomed to 

 meet with in continental regions of great extent. In 

 England, the greatest differences in the vegetation occur 

 in the upward direction. In the lowlands, the same 

 general type prevails everywhere, diversity in the vegeta- 

 tion being due not to differences of climate, but to 

 variations in the nature of the soil, and in the quantity I 

 and quality of the water contained in it. On the other/ 

 hand, as we ascend the highlands, marked changes in 

 the character of the vegetation are observed, owing to! 

 the fact that the climatic conditions are being altered 

 by the increasing cold, moisture, and exposure,- For 

 this reason, England is not a good example to take when 

 we wish to illustrate the dependency of vegetation upon 

 climate. It is better to select a large continent like 

 Europe, where the extent of land - surface is so great 

 that pronounced types of climate are sure to be found 

 in some parts of it, and with them divergent types of 

 vegetation. 



1. The Tundras. This is a type of moorland occupying 

 the Arctic parts of Russia and Lapland, and extending 

 from the northern limits of tree-growth to the regions 

 of perennial snow. In winter the tundras are icy wastes 

 swept by bitter winds ; in summer they become swampy 



