GRASSLAND ASSOCIATIONS 261 



thistle), Pier is hieracioides (hawkweed oxtongue), Sea- 

 biosa Columbaria (small scabious), Carduus acaulis (stem- 

 less thistle), *Phyteuma orbiculare (round-lea vedrampion), 

 Chlora perfoliata (yellow- wort), Erythrcea Centaurium 

 (centaury), Verbascum TJiapsus and V. nigrum (mulleins), 

 Inula Conyza (ploughman's-spikenard), Reseda lutea (wild 

 mignonette), R. Luteola (dyer's-weed), Salvia Verbenaca 

 (clary), Ajuga Chamcepitys (ground-pine), Plantago media 

 (hoary plantain), *Thesium humifusum (bastard toad- 

 flax), Spircea Filipendula (drop wort), Spiranthes autum- 

 nalis (lady's-tresses), *0rchis hircina (lizard-orchid, ex- 

 tremely rare, found only in Kent), 0. pyramidaUs (pyra- 

 midal orchid), 0. ustulata (dwarf orchid), Ophrys apifera 

 (bee-orchid), *0. Arachnites (late spider-orchid, very rare, 

 in Kent only), 0. aranifera (spider-orchid), Habenaria 

 conopsea (fragrant orchid), Car ex ftacca, Juniperus com- 

 munis (common juniper). 



The following table exhibits the relationships of the 

 natural pasture : 



Vaccinium moor. 



I 

 Alpine pasture. 



Sub-alpine and low- /Calluna-heath. 

 land natural Pasture.\ Grags _ heath> 



Farmland. 



2. Artificial Pasture and Meadow. 



In the region of deciduous trees, large areas of grassland 

 -exist in this country, on soil very rich in plant-food and 

 with a high water-content. Most of this grassland is re- 

 claimed woodland, and if allowed to fall out of cultivation 

 would return to its natural condition, and once again 

 become clothed with forest. In other cases marshes or 

 bogs have been drained and converted into good pasture- 

 land or meadow. 



Artificial grassland may be divided into two groups, 

 -according to the agricultural practices to which the land 

 is subjected. Meadow-land is essentially hay-producing, 

 one or two crops being removed annually, and only after 

 the last crop has been cut are cattle allowed on the land. 



