WOODLANDS 



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more open parts and on the outskirts of the wood are 

 those of the ash-wood e.g., hawthorn, white beam, way- 

 faring-tree, buckthorn, spindle-tree, dogwood, sloe, hazel, 

 maple, elder, juniper, and yew. The herbaceous under- 

 growth includes, in the more open parts, wood-sanicle, 

 wood - violet, dog's - mercury, enchanter's - nightshade, 

 Helleborus viridis, and in the deepest shade the orchid 

 Cephalanthera pattens, and the colourless saprophytes 

 Neottia Nidus-avis and Monotropa Hypopitys. Also grow- 

 ing in the more shady parts are Daphne Laureola (spurge- 

 laurel), Ruscus aculeatus (butcher 's-broom), Atropa Bella- 

 donna (deadly nightshade), and Bunium flexuosum (pignut). 

 The relationship between the various deciduous woods 

 is shown in the following diagram : 



Birch-wood. 



/ 



Dry heath. 



Oak-birch-heath 

 association. 



Dry oak-wood. 



Ash-birchwood. 



Ash- wood. 



Limestone- 

 pasture. 



Beech-wood. 



Damp oak-wood. Ash-oakwood. 



Alder-willow thicket. 



EVERGREEN WOODS. 



The trees which constitute the evergreen wood in this 

 country are Conifers (pines and firs), and it will be con- 

 venient to include with them another Conifer the larch 

 which is deciduous. 



The pine, the most common of the Conifers, is a most 

 accommodating tree in regard to its soil requirements. 

 It will grow in any situation which is dry, whether physi- 

 cally or physiologically. For this reason pine-woods and 

 plantations are found on sandy plains at low altitudes, 



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