GENERAL INDEX 



317 



Variegation in leaves, 154 



Varieties, 219, 221 



Vegetable-marrow, 119 



Vegetables, culinary, 150 



Vegetation : relation to climate, 9, 

 15 ; climatic subdivisions of, 16 ; 

 of Europe, 21 ; physiognomic 

 divisions of, 16 ; relation to soil, 

 14, 21, 84, 88, 91 ; types of, 15 



Vegetative reproduction, 149, 153 



Venus' fly-trap, 132 



Verbena officinalis, 216 



Vernal whitlow-grass. See Draba 

 verna 



Veronica : evergreen, 46 ; honey, 

 173 ; agrestis, 216 ; arvensis, 216 



Vetch, 216, 218. See Vicia 



Viburnum Lantana, 214 



Vicia, tendrils, 118; saliva, 216 



Victoria regia, 51 



Vine, tendrils, 118, 119 



Viola: cleistogamous fls., 165; fr., 

 187, *197 ; insect-visitors, 171, 

 174 ; nectaries, 169 ; seed-dis- 

 persal, 196 



Violet, 218. See Viola 



Virginia-creeper, tendrils, 118 



Viscum album, parasitic nature of, 

 128, *129 



Vitis, tendrils, 118, *119 



Viviparous pis., f!60 



Wales, veg. of mountains, 17 



Wallflower, 108 ; fr., 137, 187 



Walls, veg. of, 290 



Walnut, 212 ; oil, 143, 147 



Wasps, 172, 174 



Waste ground, veg. of, 295 



Water : absorption of, by roots, 25, 



33, 35, 74, 91 ; causes reducing 

 absorption, 32, 33, 35 ; effect of 

 cold upon absorption, 74 ; amount 

 available to pis., 85 ; amount 

 entering the soil, 85 ; amount 

 retained by the soil, 85 ; capacity 

 for heat, 11 ; -capacity of soils, 86 ; 

 capillary-, 86 ; chemical action on 

 rocks, 80 ; classification of pis. 

 according to, 64 ; as an agent of 

 denudation, 80 ; evaporation of, 



34, 76 ; excretion of, 27, 29, 263 ; 

 -films, 85 ; -glands, 127 ; ground 

 or telluric-, 28, 85, 86; hygro- 

 scopic, 86 ; light in, 52 ; path of, in 

 stems, 25 ; physical action on 

 rocks, 81 ; percolation of, in soil, 

 87 ; influence on pi. life, 24, 32 ; 



role in pis., 24 ; an agent of pol- 

 lination, 166 ; -retaining capacity 

 of soils, 87 ; agent of seed dis- 

 persal, 197 ; soil-, 28 ; stomata, 

 27 ; -storing tissue, 41 ; -supply, 

 18, 19, 28 ; -vapour, 6, 26 



Water-buttercup (see Ranunculus 

 aquatilis) ; -cress, 151 ; -drop wort 

 (see (Enanthe) ; -lily : leaf, 51, 

 seeds, 197, stomata, 49, winter- 

 condition, 54 ; -lobelia (see Lobelia 

 Dortmanna) ; -plantain (see Alisma 

 Plantago) ; -plants (see Aquatics) ; 

 -starwort (see Callitriche) ; -violet 

 (see Hottonia) 



Waterfalls, veg. of, 234 



Wax, 136 



Wayfaring - tree. See Viburnum 

 Lantana 



Weeds : of cultivated ground, 296 ; 

 of cultivation, 60, 108, 215, 216 

 (list), 227, 297 (list) ; of the 

 meadow, 263 ; of the natural 

 pasture, 264 



Weathering of rocks, 80 



Weeping ash, 154 ; willow, 154 



Wet meadow-plants, hygrophilous 

 chars, of, 29 



Wheat : albuminous seed of, 146 ; 

 aleurone-layer of, 147 ; as a food, 

 147 ; -crops, 98 ; cultivation of, 

 18, 19 ; flour of, 148 ; yield per 

 acre, 149 



Whisky, 151 



Willow, 220, 221 ; bud-protection, 

 61 ; bud-scales, 61 ;, fls., 176 ; 

 seeds, 195; -thickets, 229, 243, 

 269 ; weeping-, 154 



WilJowherb : fr., 187, 189 ; honey, 

 173 ; inn., 180 ; seeds, 195, 197 



Wind, 12 ; effect on pis., 36, 37, 76, 

 284, 286; agent of pollination, 

 166 ; effect on transpiration, 34 ; 

 agent of seed -dispersal, 195, 198 ; 

 forming sand-dunes, 279 



Wine, 151 



Winter, 10 ; -rest in aquatics, 54 ; 

 -rest in tropophytes, 57 



Winter-aconite, fl., 57 



Wistaria : climbing pi., 116; spiny 

 stipules, 116 



Wolffia, absence of roots, 49 



Woodland, 15, 16, 17, 265; belt 

 of deciduous-, in Europe, 22 ; 

 swamp-, 243, 269 



Woods : artificial, 267 ; ash-, 229, 

 272; ash-oak, 229, 272; beech-, 



