290 Britain's Heritage of Science 



logy will be described in the chapter on Geology. He is 

 undoubtedly the leading naturalist of the earlier half of the 

 nineteenth century, a man of wide interests and of great 

 popularity, one who lived a full life, one who promoted 

 science, and who rendered a real service to every branch of 

 Biology. 



Another naturalist of the same period was Phillip Henry 

 Gosse (1810-1888). As a young man he lived in Newfound- 

 land, and here it was he began the serious study of Nature. 

 His first work was on the Entomology of Newfoundland. 

 Later, he travelled extensively in North America. On 

 returning to England in 1839 he wrote his " Canadian 

 Naturalist." A few years later he was in Jamaica, collecting 

 and describing the native fauna and sending many specimens 

 home. His " Birds of Jamaica," illustrated by a series of 

 magnificent plates, is well known. But, perhaps, Gosse's 

 name will live longer as a researcher on Marine Inverte- 

 brates. He particularly occupied himself with the zoophytes 

 and made a great hit with his book " The Aquarium," which 

 did much to stimulate amateurs to observe the littoral 

 fauna. His most serious contribution to science, however, 

 was his study of the sea anemones, Actinologia britannica 

 (18551860); but it must not be forgotten that he colla- 

 borated with Dr. Hudson in the fascinating two volumes 

 which these joint authors published in 1866 on the Rotifera. 



Towards the end of 1872 H.M.S. Challenger left England 

 to spend the following three years and a half in traversing 

 all the waters of the globe. This was the most completely 

 equipped expedition which has left any land for the investi- 

 gation of the sea, and its results were correspondingly rich. 

 They have been worked out by naturalists of all nations, 

 and form the most complete record of the fauna and flora, 

 and of the physical and chemical conditions of the deep, 

 which has yet been published. Since the return of the 

 Challenger there have been many expeditions from various 

 lands, but none so complete in its conception or its 

 execution as the British Expedition of 1872-1876. 



The results of the exploration of the sea by the Challenger 

 have never been equalled. In one respect, however, they 

 were disappointing. It had been hoped that, in the deeper 



