512 



RUMINANTIA. 



its base to the tympanic bulla (fig. 334.). 

 The latter is much compressed, and also 

 firmly connected above to the paramastoid 

 apophyses of the occipital, leaving a con- 

 spicuous cavity between. In the Llamas, at 

 the root of the zygomatic apophysis, there is 

 a large round foramen immediately above the 

 external meatus. In Cervidae and Antelo- 

 pida3 the post-glenoid apophysis is feebly 

 developed, and the base of the zygoma is 

 flattened and prolonged backwards toward 

 the occipital crest ; the squamous portion is 

 rather extensive and the tympanic bulla of 

 large size. Similar arrangements obtain in 

 the Giraffe, but the zygomatic apophyses are 

 more curved than in the Stags. The base of 

 the zygomatic process in many of the Ante- 

 lopidae is pierced by an oval opening, which 

 is situated midway between the external 

 auditory meatus and the glenoid facet ; and 

 from it there sometimes proceeds a fissure, 

 which takes an upward direction, to join the 

 parieto-temporal or squamous suture.* This 

 foramen occurs in the Muntjack deer (Jig. 

 331.), and, as we have before stated, in the 



Fig. 331. 



Cranium of the Muntjack. (From Lond. Coll. Surg. 

 Museum.) 



Llamas also. In CEgosceridae the squamous 

 portion of the temporal is comparatively 

 small (e, Jig. 335.), and the tympanic bulla, 

 which is moderately large and somewhat 

 flattened, terminates by a sharp styloid pro- 

 cess anteriorly. The post-glenoid apophysis 

 is represented by a very narrow ridge of bone, 

 leaving only a slit-like cavity between it and 

 the meatus. In Bovidae the temporals (<?, 

 fig. 327.) are partially hid by the overhanging 

 frontals : they develope short and strong 

 zygomatic apophyses ; their bulla? (e',fig. 327.) 



* F. Cuvier. 



are much narrowed, and their styloid pro- 

 cesses are divided at the tip into several needle- 

 shaped points. 



Bones of the face. These are more nu- 

 merous than those of the cranium, and we 

 shall only notice the more important of them 

 in detail. 



The nasals (7), which vary much in size, 

 are long in the true Camels, a little spread 

 out at the base and deeply notched in front, 

 forming together three salient points : in the 

 Llamas we find them very short and broad 

 posteriorly. In Cervidae generally, the na- 

 sals are much extended lengthwise and bifur- 

 cate anteriorly (fig. 329.) : in the Muntjack 

 (C. Munfjac) and in the Giraffe they are par- 

 ticularly wide apart at the upper or posterior 

 border (fig. 331.) ; and in the latter species 

 they exhibit a gradual but marked rising 

 towards the central eminence of the frontals 

 (fig. 328.). The naso-frontal suture in the 

 genus Moschus is much denticulated. The 

 nasals are very short in the Eland or Canna 

 (A. oreas, Pallas), and in the Moose-deer 

 (C. alces, Linn.) In (Egosceridae and Bo- 

 vidae the bones of the nose are moderately 

 long, and slightly convex above in the former 

 (f,fig. 335.) ; in the latter family and in the 

 Goats they are divided in front (f, fig. 327.) ; 

 but in the Sheep they form together a single 

 V-shaped process (7, fig. 332.). 



Fig. 332. 



Skull of the Sheep, front view. (From Lond. Coll. 

 Surg. Museum.) 



The inter ma xillanes (1) are usually much 

 prolonged, but they do not develope incisive 

 teeth except in the Camelidas, and a few other 

 species. In the Camels properly so called, and 

 in the aberrant cervine genus Moschus, the 

 outer rami of these bones incline at the supe- 

 rior part almost vertically upwards (fig. 334.) ; 

 but in the Llamas they maintain through- 

 out an oblique direction as obtains in rumi- 

 nants generally. In both genera they are com- 

 pressed laterally, and brought round in front, 

 so as to resemble in some measure the beak of 

 a bird ; the incisive foramina are remarkably 



