30 ._M 19 18 



RUMINANTIA. 

 Fig. 350. 



9 



525 



View of the deep muscles of the trunk in the Ox. (From Gurlt.) 



levat. lab. super. ; 2, pyramidalis nasi ; 3, buccinator ; 4, depressor lab. infer. ; 5, masseter ; 6, temporalis ; 

 7, splenius capitis; 8, levat. ang. scap. ; 9, rhomboideus ; 10, serratus major ; 11, caput secundum 

 deltoidei ; 12, scalenus anterior ; 13, caput secund. sterno-maxillaris ; 14, abductor brachii superior ; 15, 

 serrat. post, inferior ; 16,obliquus internus; 17, iliacus internus; 18, gluteus medius ; 19, glut, minimus; 

 20, glut, maximus ; 21, pyriformis ; 22, levat. caudae brevis ; 23, lev. caud. longus ; 24, coccygeus ; 25, 

 rectus femoris; 26, vastus externus; 27, adductor magnus; 28, semitendinosus ; 29, adduct. tibiae 

 longus ; 30, intertransversales caudae. 



processes of the anterior six or eight dorsal 

 vertebrae. In the Camel it originates from 

 the posterior half of the cervical ligament and 

 the spinous apophyses proper to the first 

 half of the thorax. It is more limited in the 

 Giraffe, where, according to the investigations 

 of Prof. Owen, " it consists of two pretty 

 distinct portions ; one arises from the trans- 

 verse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical 

 vertebrae ; its fleshy part is thick and strong, 

 hut expands as it passes downwards and 

 backwards, and finally is lost in a strong 

 fascia overspreading the large shoulder joint. 

 The second portion is thin and broad ; it 

 arises from the ligamentum nuchae, and is in- 

 serted into the fascia covering the scapula."* 



That part corresponding to the clavicular 

 or anterior division of the trapezius in the 

 human subject is widely separated from the 

 muscle just described, and is associated with 

 the cleido-mastoideus and deltoides so as to 

 form a tripartite mass, for which Cuvier pro- 

 posed the name of masto-humeralis. It is the 

 levator humeri proprhts of Stubbs, the commu- 

 nis capitis, pectoris et brachii of some, and the 

 deltoides of others (8,8,8,/g.34-9). In the Sheep 

 and in the Ox it consists principally of two 

 portions with an intervening smaller muscular 

 bundle situated at the centre of the neck, and 

 connecting the clavicular portion of the tra- 

 pezius to the tendon of the cleido-mastoidens. 

 The superior or more superficial belly be- 

 comes implanted into the humerus, while the 

 inferior or deeper division is inserted into 

 the sternum. At their upper attachments 

 the duplicity is very apparent, the broad 

 muscular part being united to the ligamentum 

 nuchae, and the rounded tendon being fixed 

 to the mastoid apophysis. 



After removing the trapezius, our attention 

 is at once directed to a large broad muscle, 

 which in the human subject is represented by 

 the splenius capitis and splen. cervicis. In the 



* Memoir, L c. 



Ox and most other ruminants, the cranial 

 division is alone present ; but in the Sheep, 

 according to the researches of Meckel, there 

 are two portions an anterior or cranial, 

 which is narrow and insignificant, and a 

 posterior of large size, taking its origin by 

 two bundles from the third and fourth cer- 

 vical vertebrae, to be attached to the trans- 

 verse process of the atlas. In the Camels 

 both may be said to be absent, but there is a 

 small muscular slip, proceeding from the ten- 

 don of the digastricus to be inserted into the 

 occiput, which Meckel thinks may constitute 

 a rudimentary form of the splenius capitis. 



Beneath the splenius, and often incorpo- 

 rated with it, lies the trachelo-mastoideus, which 

 is feebly developed in ruminants and solipeds, 

 but is of large size in the marsupials and 

 edentate mammals. The great complexus and 

 digastricus colli muscles are united into a sin- 

 gle mass, as in the Horse, and in these animals 

 this compound muscle arises by nine or ten 

 fleshy and tendinous slips intersected by 

 aponeurotic prolongations from the third 

 cervical to the second or third dorsal ver- 

 tebrae inclusive. In the Camel there are only 

 seven bundles of origin, and a single long 

 aponeurotic septum, and in the Sheep all 

 traces of the latter are absent. 



The transversalis cervicis is closely adherent 

 to the trachelo-mastoideus. Separated from 

 the former, there is in some ruminants a 

 muscle, which corresponding with that por- 

 tion of the sacro-lumbalis in man, called the 

 cervicalis descendens stretches from between 

 the transverse apophyses of several of the 

 lower cervical vertebrae to the oblique and 

 transverse processes of certain of the dorsal 

 segments. Meckel alludes to this peculiarity 

 in the Horse. 



The scaleni muscles, three in number on 

 either side, are very long and powerfully 

 developed in the Camel and Giraffe, presenting 

 in the latter, according to Prof. Owen, four 

 distinct masses, which take their origin "from 



