RUMINANTIA. 



529 



greater, and divided into two, a small fleshy 

 bundle proceeding from the anterior extremity 

 of the sternum to the lower part of the 

 htimerus, and a larger mass coming off 

 from the whole length of the sternum pos- 

 terior to the former, its fibres passing ob- 

 liquely forward to be inserted into the external 

 tuberosity of the same bone. There is an ad- 

 ditional muscular slip in the Sheep and Horse, 

 by the action of which the crossing of the 

 fore-legs is produced ; this is denominated by 

 hippotomists the ambibrachialis counnunis. Cu- 

 vier remarks the same muscle in Cetacea. 

 Corresponding to the scapular division of the 

 deltoid in the human subject, there is, in ru- 

 minants and solipeds, a muscle called the ab- 

 ductor longus brachii or abcL brack, superior (14, 

 fig. 350.) ; it generally exhibits two points of 

 Fig. 352. 



Superficial layer of muscles of the fore limb of the 

 Ox. (From Gurlt.) 



1, supra-spinatus ; 2, infra-spinatus ; 3, abductor 

 brevis ; 4, anconeus longus ; 5, exten. cubiti lon- 

 gus ; 6, ancon. externus ; 7, brachialis interims ; 

 8, deltoides ; 9, 9, exten. carpi radialis ; 10, ab- 

 ductor pollicis; 11, 11, extensor digit, longior; 

 12, 12, exten. digit, brevior; 13, 13, flexor carpi 

 ulnaris exteruus. 



attachment above, one at the spine of the 

 scapula, and the other from the infra-spinous 

 fossa. On their passage down, the fibres 

 coalesce, and become inserted by a common 

 tendon into the linea aspera of the humerus. 

 The external scapular muscles, viz., the supra- 

 Snpp. 



spinatus (l,fg. 352-) and infra- sjnnatus (2), 

 are powerfully marked in this order ; the 

 former is implanted by a double tendon of 

 insertion into the anterior and internal tuber- 

 osities of the humerus, the latter being con- 

 nected below to the external tuberosity. The 

 round muscles have the same attachments as 

 in man, but the teres major or t. externus (3, 

 fig. 353.) is in Ruminantia arid Solipeda smaller 

 than the teres minor or t. interims (2, Jig. 353). 

 The sub-scapularis (2, 2 fig. 353.) is of large 

 size, and subdivided. 



The coraco-brachialis (&,fig> 353.) is always 

 present, although there be no indication of a 

 coracoid apophysis ; the greater part of the 

 muscle lies deep, and is connected to the 

 inner border of the upper half of the humerus, 

 the remainder lying more superficially, and 

 continuing as far as the internal condyle 

 into which it is implanted. The biceps brachii 

 coraco-radialis or flexor cubili longus (10, fig. 

 353.) has a similar disposition to its analogue 

 in Man ; but in Carnivora and Solipeda, where 

 the coracoid process is absent, it exhibits but 

 one head. In the Bear, according to Cuvier, 

 the absent division is represented by a mus- 

 cular slip passing off from the coraco-brachi- 

 alis. Meckel states that in the Camel and 

 Dromedary the apparently single tendon of 

 origin arises from the margin of the glenoid 

 cavity as usual, but it is very thick, and can 

 easily be separated into two portions, which 

 are united only by cellular tissue. These, as 

 they pass over the head of the humerus, 

 swell out and enclose between them a sesa- 

 moid body consisting of nbro-cartilage ; the 

 external of the tendons is the larger, and also 

 subdivides, giving off a strong tendinous cord 

 which becomes incorporated with the anti- 

 brachial aponeurosis. The brachialis internus, 

 or flexor cubiti longus (7, fig. 352, and 11, fig. 

 353.), is comparatively weak. In the typical 

 ruminant it rises from the posterior and ex- 

 ternal part of the neck of the humerus, but in 

 the Camel it commences lower down from the 

 middle third of the bone, its tendon of inser- 

 tion in all cases being anterior to that of the 

 long flexor. The divisions of the triceps ex- 

 tensor cubiti are described under different 

 names by hippotomists, but this disposition 

 is similar to that of Man. The extensor cubiti 

 longus (5,^.353.) is the extensor magnus of 

 Bourgelat ; the extensor brevis is the extensor 

 medius of the same author, and the anconeous 

 longus of Gurlt ; the brachialis externus is the 

 extensor brevis of the former and the anconeus 

 externus of the latter. There is also another 

 muscle termed by Gurlt the anconeus internus 

 (7,./?g. 353.). 



The Ruminantia and Solipeda are generally 

 described as possessing neither supinators nor 

 pronators, but the above-named author figures 

 in the Ox a small muscular bundle, which he 

 calls the pronator teres (13, fig. 353.) ; and 

 moreover Meckel points out the rudiments of 

 this muscle in the Camel, remarking at the 

 same time that its function is no longer that 

 of a pronator but of a flexor. The extensor 

 carpi radialis (9, fig. 352.) is single in the Ca- 



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