RUMINANTIA. 



535 



septal fibro-cartilaginous aponeurosis (which 

 we take to be the homologue of the true 

 lingual bone), is strongly indicated. 



Much confusion has arisen in regard to 

 the muscles constituting the cortex of the 

 tongue. The general term lingualis has been 

 applied to numerous muscular bundles situ- 

 ated on the dorsum immediately beneath the 

 lingual fascia. According to Gerdy they 

 may be arranged in four groups * ; of these 

 the most superficial layer appears to be quite 

 distinct from the rest, and on this account it 

 has been separately described as an indepen- 

 dent muscle by Bauer and Zaglas, the latter 

 aptly designating it the noto-glossus. This 

 superficial muscular mass spreads over the 

 whole upper surface of the tongue ; it ap- 

 parently exists in all mammifera, being more 

 highly developed in some than in others ; it 

 is feebly indicated in the Camel. Without 

 accepting the following inference, we may 

 remark that Dr. Mercer, in his " Anatomical 

 Observations on the analogous Structure of 

 the Lingualis and Panniculus Carnosus," en- 

 deavours to show that one of the principal 

 offices of the lingualis is to erect the rasp- 

 like papillae ; and it is evident that he only 

 attributed this function to that portion of the 

 muscle, since denominated the noto-glossus, 

 for, he adds, "the first " layer of the lingualis, 

 " which is the most conspicuous, can alone 

 act on the surface of the tongue and its pa- 

 pillae." -f- The fibres of the lingualis, properly 

 so called, take their origin from the lingual 

 margins near the root, and pass transversely 

 or obliquely inwards to a point a little be- 

 yond the middle line ; in the short-tongued 

 quadrupeds and in Man the bundles reach as 

 far forward as the tip, but in the ruminants 

 their extension is comparatively limited. Re- 

 specting the disposition of the associated 

 muscular filaments, collectively termed the 

 transversus, considerable difference obtains in 

 regard to what may be called the fibres of 

 insertion. In the ruminant type, where no 

 lingual septum is present, the fibres decussate 

 with those of the opposite side, extending 

 therefore beyond the mesial plane, while on 

 the other hand, in Man and animals having a 

 well-marked linea albescens such as is seen 

 in Carnivora the fibres do not pass beyond 

 the middle line, but are intimately united to 

 the septum (Zaglas). The perpendicularis 

 extcrnus offers nothing remarkable, and the 

 glosso-palatinus and glosso-pharyngeus have no 

 existence in this order. 



The distribution of the vessels and nerves of 

 the tongue have the same general arrangement 

 as in other Mammalia; but in consequence 

 of the greater longitudinal development of 

 the organ they exhibit a corresponding aug- 

 mentation. Prof. Owen remarks a disparity 

 of calibre affecting the lingual arteries of the 

 Giraffe, that of the left side being paramount 

 and anastamosing freely with the vessel of 



* Gerdy, Anat. et Physiolog. de Langue : Ar- 

 chives Ge'nerales de Me'decine, torn. vii. p. 363. 



t Anatomical Observations, &c. Edinburgh, 

 1841. 



the right side as far as the commencement of 

 the prehensile portion judging from the 

 lithographed representation appended to that 

 distinguished anatomist's " Memoir." Our 

 own specimen exhibits this peculiarity in a 

 still more striking degree, the left vessel 

 being as compared with the right a mere 

 arterial twig. We have not found this vas- 

 cular anomaly in the Cervidae proper, neither 

 is it present in other allied genera. The 

 lingual veins in Camel opardalis are particularly 

 broad and somewhat plexiform, and the 

 nerves, in the retracted condition of the 

 tongue, are beautifully tortuous. 



The salivary glands are chiefly noticeable 

 on account of their large dimensions and 

 elongated excretory passages. The orifices 

 of the Whartonian ducts, are visible at the 

 anterior part of the mouth beneath the tongue, 

 and in the Giraffe are protected by two small 

 membranous valvular folds fringed with pa- 

 pillae. The tonsils are bulky, and in the 

 Camel communicate with the oral cavity by 

 numerous canals, the apertures of which are 

 surrounded by slight prominences of the 

 mucous membrane. In Camelopardalis, the 

 amygdala assume a higher type of structure, 

 and open by a short common duct capable 

 of admitting the tip of the little finger. There 

 is yet another peculiarity in the faucial region 

 of this aberrant cervine genus, arising out of 

 the presence of a rudimentary uvula, which 

 on close inspection we find to be made up of 

 three minute papillae, intimately conjoined at 

 their bases. 



The oesophagus, in accordance with its 

 functional activity in this family, is thick and 

 fleshy. It is surrounded by two distinct 

 layers of muscular tissue an outer and 

 inner : the fibres of the former being trans- 

 versely circular, those of the latter ob- 

 liquely longitudinal. They have a deeper 

 colour than obtains in the non-voluntary 

 muscles, but do not exhibit any transverse 

 striae ; in some particulars, however, micro- 

 scopic investigation has shown them to 

 resemble very closely the voluntary type 

 (Owen).* 



The ruminant stomach affords a striking 

 illustration of the special evolution of a com- 

 plex mechanism from the general or more 

 simple type of structure, and to the mind of 

 the unprejudiced truth-seeker it irresistibly 

 indicates evidence of design ; this train of 

 reasoning is not weakened by the fact that 

 two, if not three, of its divisions are essen- 

 tially dilatations of the lower extremity of 

 the oesophagus. 



The first compartment or Paunch (b,Jig. 

 359.) otherwise called the Rumen, Inglu- 

 vies, or Pause occupies a considerable 

 proportion of the abdominal cavity. It is 

 the largest of the four stomachs, and its gene- 

 ral form is that of a square with rounded 

 angles. Externally there are two well- 



* The sharks, which possess the power of eject- 

 ing their stomachal contents, have the muscular 

 fibres of this viscus marked by transverse striae. 

 We have seen this in Lamna cornitbica. 



M M 4 



