UTERUS AND ITS APPENDAGES. 



545 



sent. In the typical species, numerous trans- 

 verse and prominent ruga? are developed 

 internally at the lower part of the uterine 

 cavity ; they are somewhat irregularly dis- 

 posed in parallel rows, and are more crowded 

 together towards the os tincce, where they are 

 split up, as it were, into fine longitudinal 

 Jamellae, imparting to the os, when viewed 

 from below, a peculiar radiated aspect. This 

 latter feature is very striking in the Camels 

 and in the Giraffe. The vaginal mucous 

 membrane () is smooth throughout, and 

 contracted interiorly at the external orifice. 

 In horned Ruminantia the c/ifc-ris is placed 

 just within the vulva, but external to the 

 vaginal outlet in the Camelidae (Owen). 

 Preputial follicles also occur in the female 

 ruminant as well as Cowperian glands, which 

 are situated near the root of the clitoris. 



In the gravid uterus of the typical species, 

 the foetal membranes consisting of the 

 chorion (1, Jig. 367.), amnion, and allantois 

 Fig. 367. 



Portion of the chorion of a Cow, showing the cotyledons, 

 (From Gurlt.) 



are connected to the walls of the cavity by 

 numerous small placentulfe or cotyledons (2, 

 Jig. 367.), which embrace and dove-tail with a 

 corresponding series of processes developed 

 from the uterus. The cotyledons are pro- 

 ductions of the chorion, and have an oval or 

 rounded shape, more or less compressed, 

 the exposed surface being usually cup-shaped ; 

 after the expulsion of the foetus these bodies 

 come away with the membranes, and the 

 uterine protuberances diminish considerably 

 in size. In the Sheep and Cow the number 

 of the placentulae varies from about seventy 

 to a hundred. Like the chorion, the a, union 

 is highly vascular. The allantois exists in 

 the form of a closed sac, and only partially 

 covers the amnion. In the Cameline ru- 

 minants the ovum is retained in situ by a 

 universally adherent villous chorion, such as 

 is found in Solipeda and Pachydermata. 



The mammary glands are situated in the 



inguinal region between the thighs ; the teats 



are four in number, except in CEgosceridae, 



where there are only two. Rudimentary 



Supp. 



nipples are occasionally found in the male on 

 either side of the scrotum ; in the Horse they 

 exist on the sheath of the penis. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kay, J., Synop. Method. Ani- 

 mal. Quadruped., &c., 8vo., 1683. Linnaeus, Systema 

 Naturae, 1735 1738. Pennant, Hist, of Quadru- 

 peds, 1771. Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, 1767 

 1780. Daubenton et Buffon, Nat. Hist. 1748. Illi- 

 ger, Prodromus Syst. Mammal., &c., 1811. Azara, 

 Don. F., Quadruped, de Paraguay, 8vo., 1801. 

 Lichtenstein, H., Magazin der Geselfschaft Naturf. 

 Freunde zer Berlin, 1812. Desmarest, Mammologie, 



1822. Raffles, Sir T. F. (quoted in), Linn. Trans., 

 vol. xiii. 1822. Meckel, J. F., Syst. der Vergleich. 

 Anat. 1821, Fr. edit, par Reister et Sanson, 1829. 

 Pander und D' Alton, Die Skelete der Wiederkauer, 



1823. Ruiipdl, E., Reise in Nordlichen Afrika, 

 1828. Gurlt, E. F., Anat. Abbild. der Haus-Sauge- 

 Thiere, 1824 1833. Cuvler, F., Hist. Nat. des 

 Mammif. ; Cuvier, G., Lecons d'Anat. Comp., 2 de 

 edit., par M. Dumeril, 1835 ; Ossemens Fossiles, 

 torn, ii., 18211824. Wagner, R., Lehrbuch der 

 Vergleich. Anat. 1835. Ogilby, On the Hollow- 

 horned Ruminants, Zool. Trans., vol. ii., 1836 ; also, 

 various art. in Penny Cyclopaed. Smith, Col. H., 

 in Griffith's edit, of Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, vol. 

 v., 18271835. BlainviUe, Osteugraphia, 1841 

 1855. Owen, Anat. of the Giraffe, Zool. Trans., 

 vol. ii., 1838, and vol. iii., 1839 ; also, numerous 

 contrib. in the Physiological Series of Hunterian 

 Catalogue, and in his Odontography, &c. Zaglas, 

 J., On the Muscular Structure of the Tongue (in 

 which he refers more particularly to the anatomy 

 of this organ in Ruminantia), Goodsir's Annals of 

 Anat, and Physiol. 18501852. Franz Miil/erund 

 C. Wzdl, Beitrage zur Anat. des Zweibuckeligen 

 Kamelees, Denkschrift. der Kaiserlich. Acad. der 

 Wissenschaft. 1852. Bendz, H. C. B., Icon. anat. 

 mammal, domestic, fasic. osteog., 1850. 



T. Spencer Cobbold. 



UTERUS AND ITS APPENDAGES. 



The reproductive organs in woman consist 

 of the Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts, 

 Uterus, Vagina, and Vulva. These are com- 

 monly subdivided into the formative and copu- 

 lative organs. To the first division belong 

 the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and uterus ; to 

 the second the vulva; while the vagina, on ac- 

 count of its offices in copulation and in labour, 

 may be regarded as common to both. 



This division nearly corresponds with an- 

 other and more artificial arrangement, by 

 which these parts are subdivided into the 

 internal and external generative organs ; those 

 being regarded as internal which are protected 

 within the body and concealed from view, 

 while those which can be easily seen are 

 termed external : the line of demarcation 

 being here at the entrance to the vagina. 



Of the several organs just enumerated, the 

 uterus has doubtless, on many accounts, prior 

 claim to attention. It is the largest of these 

 parts. It is that which contributes the greatest 

 amount of material to the new organism 

 which it contains and protects. It is that 

 part in which alone a direct connection of 

 attachment subsists between the fruit and the 

 parent. Its functions, so far as they con- 

 tribute to each individual act of reproduction, 

 are exercised for much longer periods of time, 

 than those of any other portion of the gene* 

 rative apparatus. It exerts a powerful refles 



