TEMPERAMENT. 



935 



determination of the nature or homology 

 of the parts, and by the concomitant power 



p. 4, which is exposed in the substance of gress of the knowledge of animal struc- 

 thejaw). The next stage is the shedding of tures, and of the generalisations deducible 

 d. 3, and the acquisition of m. 3 (o,/g. 594.). therefrom, will be mainly influenced by the 

 Then d. 4 is shed by the ascent of p. 4 into ' ' 

 its place (E, fg. 594.). Afterwards m. 4 is 



acquired, and, in the M'.cropn* gigas, p. 4 is of condensing the propositions relating to 



them, and of attaching to them signs or sym- 

 bols, equivalent to their single substantive 

 names. In my work on the " Archetype of 

 the Skeleton," I have denoted most of the 

 bones by simple numerals, which, if generally 

 adopted, might take the place of names; and 



simultaneously pushed out (v,jig. 594.). 



Thus, four individuals of this species may 

 be found to have the same number of molars, 



i. e. -- ; two of these may seem, on a cur- 

 sory comparison, to have them of the same 



shape, e.g., like c and E, Jig. 594 . ; or like all the propositions respecting the centrum of 

 i) and K. In fact, to determine 



u'ne the identity the occipital vertebra might be predicated of 

 or difference in such instances, it requires 1 as intelligibly as of " basioccipital." 



that the substance of the jaws be examined 

 to see if the germs of successional teeth be 

 present, as at p. 4, c and D, or at m. 4, E. 



The symbols of the teeth are fewer, are 

 easily understood and remembered, render 

 unnecessary the endless repetition of the ver- 



tlie 



44 

 4-4 



The result of such examination may be to al definition of the parts, harmonize con- 

 show that not one of the four kangaroos with flicting synonyms, serve as a universal language, 



and express the author's meaning in the 

 fewest and clearest terms. The entomologist 

 has long found the advantage of such signs as 

 c? and $ , signifying male and female, and the 

 like ; and it is time that the anatomist should 

 avail himself of this powerful instrument of 

 thought, instruction, and discovery, from 

 which the chemist, the astronomer, and the 

 mathematician have obtained such important 



- - had the same or homologous 



teeth. The four grinders, e.g., may be 



d. 3, d. 4, in. 1, m. 2 ; as in c : or, 



d. 4, m. ] . )n. 2, m. 3 ; as in D : or, 



p. 4, m. 1, m. 2, m. 3 ; as in E : or, 



m. I, m. 2, nt. 3, and m. 4 ; as in F. 



But the change does not stop here : as age 



advances, m. 1 is shed, and the molar series 



is reduced numerically to the condition of B ; 



but, instead of m. 1, d. 4, and d. 3, it consists 



of m. 2, m. 3, m. 4. 



Finally, m. 2 is shed, and the dentition is re- 



results. 



(R. Oicen.) 



TEMPERAMENT. Although all indivi- 



xuuu.y ro .3 ,s S neu,anuuieuenuuon.sre- duals of the same species are composed of the 

 duced to the same numerical state as at A, Jig. _____ t - ,_ cong : ni . of the s J > p.pmpnf , 



same tissues, consisting of the same elements 

 both proximate and ultimate, and agreeing in 

 all essential points of chemical constitution, 

 yet there exist between certain groups of 

 them, sometimes in the most striking degree, 

 differences not only in the pkysical powers 

 and actions of their frames, but also in their 

 mental qualities. These differences are refer- 

 rible only to peculiarities in the constitution 

 this species, the acquisition of m. 4 is not o f an individual, or in other words, to pecu- 



594. : the teeth, however, being m. 3 and m. 4. 

 The order here described is not precisely 

 that which is followed in some of the smaller 

 species of kangaroo. In Macropus Benettii, 

 t'-g' t the acquisition of m. 3 is not accom- 

 panied by the shedding of d. 3, but the molar 



series is numerically : so, likewise, in 



5 5 



.-companied by the displacement of p. 4 





and a molar series of - is long retained ; 



lj ar ities in the quality of his solids and fluids, 

 which are of a nature so recondite that we 

 cannot detect them by any chemical or ana- 



but, at the earlier period cited, the teeth tomical means, and we appreciate them only 



d. 3, d. 4, 772. 1, m. 2, and m. 4 '< 

 and, at the later period, they are: 



p. 4, m. 1, m. 2, m. 3, and m. 4. 



These symbols, it is hoped, ire so plain and 



simple as to have formed no obstacle to the 



full and easy comprehension of the facts 



explained by means of them. Had those 



by the character with which they impress the 

 physical and, to a certain extent, mental actions 

 of the individual in which they exist. To ex- 

 press this character in one word physiologists 

 employ the term temperament. 



The use of this word is of very ancient 

 date. We trace it as far back as the time of 

 Galen, who broached the doctrine that the 



facts been described in the ordinary way, by blood consisted of four humours, correspond- 

 means of verbal phrases or definitions of the 

 teeth, e.g., " the second deciduous molar, 

 representing the fourth in the typical den- 

 tition," instead of rf. 4, and so on, the de- 



ing to the four elements ; these were respec- 

 tively designated bills, sanguis, alra bilis, 

 pklegma. Nunc, says Haller, ex ejusmodi 

 quatuor humoribus sunguinem aiebant tempe- 



scription would have occupied much more rari, justamque omnium principiorum commis- 



space, and have levied such a tax upon the tionem perfectissimum temperamentum efficere; 



attention and memory, as must have tended si vero aut sanguis supra legitimam suam 



to enfeeble the judgment, and impair the quasi dosin abundaret, sive bilis, sive terra 



power of seizing and appreciating the results atrave bilis, sive phlegma, quatuor tune sim- 



of the comparisons. plicia et prascipua temperamenta aiebant oriri, 



Each year's experience strengthens my a bilis abundantia cholericum, ab aquae uber- 



conviction that the rapid and successful pro- tate phlcgmaticum , a sanguinis aucta portione 



3 o 4 



