966 



TERATOLOGY. 



wanting, and the cases few in which there is 

 but one superior or inferior extremity. 



"2. Want of the intermediate parts in the 

 extremities, so that the hand is attached im- 

 mediately to the shoulder, and the foot to the 

 hip. This may happen in one or in more 

 extremities. Of the last, a very interesting 

 example occurred in the person of a certain 

 Marco Catonze, of whom I represent the ex- 

 ternal appearance and the skeleton in Jigs. 

 624, 625., referring for more details to my 

 Tab. Ixxvii. 



3. Limbs too short. All their parts exist 

 in such case, but are too short, as if they 

 tvere not full-grown. The malformation is 

 however not limited to the extremities, but 

 extends over the trunk and the head. The 

 head has in all the known cases the aspect 

 of hydrocephalus. The neck is short and 

 broad, the trunk short and swollen, and the 

 Jimbs short, broad, and thick. Scemmering 

 and Otto ascribe this to congenital rachitis. 

 But according to my opinion it ought to be 

 attributed to defective developement, which 

 is confirmed by the dissection, performed by 

 ( /. Mayer, of such a monstrosity. 



4. Limbs which seem to be truncated. Some- 

 times the fore-arm and the leg terminate 

 abruptly like stumps, and present the appear- 

 ance of cicatrices. I saw this on the four 

 extremities of a calf, of which I have repre- 

 sented the external form and the dissection 

 in my Tabulae Ixxviii. and Ixxix. In many ot 

 the known cases this defective condition of 

 the limbs seems to be the result of arrested 

 developement. In some others, however, it is 

 the effect of mutilation produced by the con- 

 striction of the umbilical cord, or by pseudo- 

 membranes. Montgomery has given many 

 examples of it in his article FCETUS in this 

 Cyclopaedia. It is an interesting fact that 

 from these stumps may grow rudiments of 

 fingers, as Dr. Simpson showed me during the 

 visit which I paid him at Edinburgh. 



5. Diminished number of fingers and toes. 

 The highest degree of this malformation is the 

 existence of but one finger or toe. Sometimes 

 there are only the thumb and the little finger, 

 as may be seen in a preparation in the mu- 

 seum of Ilovius at Amsterdam. The greatest 

 transition towards the natural condition is the 

 presence of four fingers or four toes. 



6. Coalesced fingers and toes. In other- 

 wise perfect limbs it is possible that hands 

 and feet may be arrested at that inferior de- 

 gree of developement, in which they are not 

 yet separated into fingers and toes. The child 

 is then born with fingers or toes, which seem 

 to be coalesced ; but that is nothing more than 

 a fallacious appearance. The malformation con- 

 sists really in absence of fission. Of this there 

 are different degrees : a, complete absence 

 of fingers and toes, instead of which there 

 is a common mass ; b, connection of the 

 fingers and toes by means of a membrane ; c y 

 the adhesion limited to the posterior parts 

 of the fingers and the toes, while their anterior 

 parts are completely free. All this may be 

 seen mfigs. 626, 627, 628 



Fig. 626. 



Fig. 627. 



Fig. 628. 



(After Otto.') 



7. To all these malformations of the limbs 

 ought to be added the abnormal direction of 

 the foot j but this is fully considered in the 



