TERATOLOGY. 



967 



article ABNORMAL CONDITIONS OF THE FOOT 

 in this Cyclopaedia. 



VIII. Cyclvpia. 



Upon this interesting malformation, which 

 for many years was the object of my own inves- 

 tigations, I should have much to say ; but my 

 friend Paget has already given a succinct 

 survey of its different forms in his learned 

 Article NOSE, to which, therefore, I refer. I 

 beg leave here to add to die observations 

 which I have published in my former works 

 upon the origin of Cyclopia, a few additional 

 remarks on the subject. Is it an arrest of 

 developement ? It cannot be denied that many 

 deviations of the parts in Cyclopes may be 

 referred to a previous natural form. For 

 example, in one of my published cases the 

 optic lobe and the brain formed one continu- 

 ous part, which is certainly an early natu- 

 ral condition. It is also certain that the 

 disposition of the hemispheres of the brain 

 in Cyclopes, which appear to be a single 

 vesicle, accords with the vesicular state of 

 the brain in the first period of its develope- 

 ment, and that the unprotected situation of 

 the ganglia of the brain, of the cerebellum, 

 and of the medulla oblongata, may be con- 

 sidered as a foetal condition. But, as to the 

 eyes, it is not so certain that their single- 

 ness is the result of an arrest of develope- 

 ment. E. Huschke has, however, main- 

 tained the opinion, that the eyes are formed 

 by a single vesicle, which becomes sepa- 

 rated into two ; but from the more recent 

 and accurate investigations of Bischoff) we 

 must conclude that the optic lobes are 

 from the beginning separated and double, 

 taking their origin from the anterior cerebral 

 vesicle, and that from an abnormal condition 

 of this last, by which the rudiments of the 

 eyes approach each other and fuse together, 

 may be derived the cause of Ct/clopia. If 

 this observation is true, of which it is difficult 

 to retain the least doubt, Cyclopi-i really ap- 

 pertains to the Verschmelzungs Bildungcn of 

 Meckel in an early period of developement. 

 Perhaps it may be compared with the meta- 

 morphosis of the eyes in Daphnia^ Cypris, 

 J J olyphemus, and Cyclops, in which there are 

 originally two vesicular bulbs, which subse- 

 quently coalesce into one. But however this 

 may be, it remains certain that the malforma- 

 tion of the cranial and facial bones in Cyclopes 

 is the consequence of the abnormal condition 

 of the brain and of the visual and olfactive 

 apparatus. 



IX. Deficiency of the Under jaw (Monotwi). 



Want of the under jaw often coexists with 

 Cychpia. By this complication is formed a 

 peculiar series of monsters, which make a 

 gradual transition to those in which, notwith- 

 standing the presence of two eyes, the under 

 jaw is absent. I refer to this the following 

 species. 



1. Total defect of the opening of the mouth, 

 as observed by me in a lamb, in which also 



the ears were removed to tl.e basis of the 

 head and coalesced. The under jaw was 

 totally absent ; and behind the coalescent ears 

 there was an osseous vesicular cavity, formed 

 by the bulbous tympanic cavities, united to- 

 gether. 



2. The opening of the mouth represented by 

 a fissure at the inferior surface of the face. 

 The rest of the external appearance is similar 

 to the first species. The under jaw is want- 

 ing, but there is a rudiment of a tongue. 



3. Too short an under jaw. In man and 

 the lower animals the under jaw is sometimes 

 incompletely developed, and more depressed 

 posteriorly than it ought to be. This original 

 brevity of the under-jaw is the cause of a great 

 many ulterior deformities. 



Without doubt, these three forms of mon- 

 strosity make a continuous series. They 

 consist, as Bischoff says, in an imperfect 

 developement of the first visceral arc, by which 

 the under jaw and the bones connected there- 

 with are either wanting or defectively formed, 

 the result of which is, that the ears are re- 

 moved to the basis of the head, and there 

 become fused together. The total defect of 

 the opening of the mouth is the highest, the 

 too short under jaw the least degree of mal- 

 formation. 



Herewith I conclude my brief account of 

 the monstrosities resulting from arrest of de- 

 velopement. The description of the congenital 

 abnormal condition of the different apparatus 

 would oblige me to surpass the due limits of 

 an Article for this Cyclopaedia, which already, 

 I fear, may be considered rather too long ; and 

 I think this the less necessary, because a 

 great deal of information about them may be 

 found in the Articles ANUS, DIAPHRAGM, 

 FCETUS, HERMAPHRODITISM. I therefore 

 pass on to a succinct description of a second 

 group of monstrosities. 



B. MONSTROSITIES PRODUCED BY EXCESS 

 OK DEVELOPEMENT. 



I. Foetus in Fcetu, 



The human foetus may be included in an- 

 other foetus, or adhere to its bod}'. This 

 may happen in two different manners : 



1. A fa'tits more or less perfect contained 

 in the cavity of the body of its twin-brother 

 or sister. 



a. In the uterus* The foetus would be 

 pregnant in such a case at the moment of its 

 birth. The observations given of it are, 

 however, somewhat apocryphal. 



b. In the abdomen. In a*case recorded by 

 Fattow, there are, in a foetus of seven months, 

 two rudiments of foetuses contained in its 

 abdomen. Such observations are also given 

 by Reiter, Heminger, Pacini, and E. Philips. 

 In general, the rudiments of a second foetus 

 are very imperfect, and included in a sac. 

 Sometimes, however, they are more complete, 

 which was, for example, the case in an observ- 

 ation of Youngj of which the preparation is 



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