1284 



URINE. 



Fig. 798. 



Besides these more or less crystalline de- 

 posits, the urine in disease frequently contains 

 blood, mucus and pus corpuscles, and also 

 epithelial scales, and other bodies of various 

 kinds ; with all of which it is necessary the 

 physician should be familiar, as symptomatic of 

 different diseases. 



In order satisfactorily to detect these, the 

 microscope is of course indispensable. 



The following are the appearances shown 

 by these more or less organised bodies, when 

 existing in the urineg (Jig. 799). 



a, Blood corpuscles endosmosed or distended, 

 owing to the entrance of the urine through their 

 membrane. This effect is the consequence of the 

 contained fluid of the corpuscles having been heavier 

 than the urine in which they float, in virtue of which 

 condition more fluid passed into the corpuscle than 

 could escape out. b, Mucous corpuscles, c, Pus cor- 

 puscles, d, Scales of epithelium, e, Fibrinous casts of 

 the urinary tubules of the kidney, seen in the morbus 

 Brightii, deposited from albuminous urine sphe- 

 roidal epithelium from the tubules is seen embedded 

 in these fibrinous casts. /, Spermatozoa, g, Torula 

 diabetica, seen in diabetic urine during its fermenta- 

 tion. 



A tendency to the secretion in excessive 

 quantity of the unorganised deposits, such as 

 lithic acid and the lithates, oxalate of lime, 

 &c., leads not unfrequently to the formation 

 of urinary calculi. These are either made up, 

 as is most frequently the case, of several of 

 the constituents of the urine, or may be en- 

 tirely constituted of one of them. 



The following table, constructed by the late 

 Dr. Prout, exhibits a general view of the 

 relative frequency of the different kinds of 

 urinary calculi in England, Swabia, Germany, 

 andDenmark. The hospitals of St. Bartho- 

 lomew and of Guy in London, and those of 

 Norwich, Manchester, and Bristol, principally 

 supplied the specimens quoted in this table. 



The ingredients of particular species of cal- 

 culi included between parentheses, are to be 

 considered as existing in a mixed state. 



* For further information respecting urinary 

 deposits, I must refer to Dr. Golding Bird's work on 

 the subject, and my Treatise " on Analysis, arid the 

 Treatment of Urinary Diseases." 



General Character 

 of Calculi. 



1. Lithic acid. 

 Lithate of 

 ammonia. 



2. Oxalate of lime, 

 3. [Cystic oxide. 

 4. Phosphates. 



Carbonate of lime, 



Silex. 



5. a. Alternating 

 calculi com- 

 posed of two 

 layers. 



Particular Species of Calculi. 



Lithic acid, nearly pure 

 Lithate of ammonia, nearly pure 

 Lithate of ammonia, mixed with] vari- 

 able proportions of the lithate and 

 oxalates of lime and phosphates 

 Oxalate of lime, nearly pure - 

 Cystic oxide, nearly pure 

 Phosphate of lime, nearly pure 

 Triple phosphate, nearly pure 

 Mixed phosphates - 

 ( Phosphate of lime, with carbonate of 

 lime) - - 



mixed with a little lithic acid 



deposited on foreign bodies 



(Carbonate of lime and silex) 



Siliceous - 



Lithic acid, and lithate of ammonia 



and oxalate of lime 



and phosphate of lime 



-. and mixed phosphates 



England. 



H 



II 



III 



11 



16 



24 



164 

 55 



15 



18 



74 



39 12 



Conti- 

 nent. 



I. 



h 



32 



13 



230 

 59 



145 



14 

 98 

 :5 



13 



12 



106 



-448 



98 



5 



13 



12 



106 



2 



18 



5 



1 



1 



