URINE. 



1291 





fallacy which I pointed out some years ago in 

 connection with this subject.* 



PHLEBITIS UTERINA. 



The following is a description, by F. Simon' 

 of specimens of urine in this disease. 1. Co- 

 lour dark ; reaction acid ; deposit of uric acid 

 and unite of ammonia. 2. Colour dark ; al- 

 kaline reaction ; ammoniacal odour ; deposit 

 dirty yellow in colour, composed of mucus, 

 ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate, amorphous 

 precipitate of phosphate of lime, and urate of 

 ammonia. 



MENINGITIS. 



The urine in this disease assumes the or- 

 dinary inflammatory type. It is described as 

 dark red, scanty (8 to 9 fluid ounces in the 

 twenty-four hours), strongly acid ; specific 

 gravity high. According to Becquerel, the 

 mean of four cases was 1025*2. Deposit of 

 uric acid, which, if not present spontaneously, 

 is immediately produced by the addition of 

 nitric acid. 



ENCEPHALITIS. 



Urine much the same as in meningitis ; 

 sometimes a sediment. Spec, gravity, 1020'2. 



Observations have been made by several 

 foreign writers on the state of the urine in 

 insanity. Drs. Sutherland and Rigby have 

 also paid some attention to the subject. It 

 appears to be generally alkaline, and to con- 

 tain much ammonia in these cases ; the whole 

 subject, however, needs further and careful 

 investigation. Dr. Bence Jones states, that in 

 acute inflammation of the brain there is an 

 increase in the total amount of phosphates 

 excreted in the urine. 



DELIRIUM TREMENS. 



In this disease the urine is said to present 

 the general features of the inflammatory type. 



Dr. Bence Jones states, that in delirium 

 tremens the phosphates are decreased in quan- 

 tity in the urine, provided no food is taken. 

 If food be taken, this diminution is not ob- 

 served. 



MYELITIS. 



r In this disease the urine is of much the 

 same character as in inflammation of the brain, 

 viz. red, acid, thick, and containing a sediment. 

 Cases are, however, recorded by Becquerel, 

 in which the urine did not greatly vary from 

 the natural standard. There appears no ex- 

 cessive excretion of the phosphates in this 

 disease, according to Dr. Jones's experiments. 



BRONCHITIS. 



All that we gather worthy of notice from 

 the detailed examinations of Becquerel in 

 respect to the state of the urine in this dis- 

 ease is, that it occasionally contains albumen. 

 This may perhaps sometimes happen when 

 great obstruction to the circulation of blood 

 through the lungs has existed for any length 



* For the proper method of examining the urine 

 in order to determine the presence or absence of 

 albumen, I beg to refer to my work on Diseases of 

 the Kidney connected with^albuminous urine. 



Urine of 



Simon. health. 



39'0 37'2 39-0 



1-7 2-8 1-5 



18-3 14'0 25'8 



40-0 37-0 23-6 



9 10-3 



of time. In by far the greater number of 

 cases, however, no indication of this kind is 

 found, unless the kidneys be predisposed to 

 such form of disease as favours the effusion 

 of serum. 



PNEUMONIA. 



In pneumonia the urea excreted is less 

 than in health ; the uric acid is increased, the 

 salts diminished, and the extractive matters 

 increased, and more especially the alcoholic 

 extract. 



The following are comparative analyses of 

 the solid matters in 100 parts : 



Becquerel. 



Urea ... 37-6 

 Uric acid - - 2'0 

 Fixed salts - 14'0 

 Extractives - 45 '4? 

 Sulphate of potassa 



During the resolution of pneumonia, Simon 

 and Schonlein have observed that a deposit 

 occurs in the urine composed of the mono- 

 basic ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate. Uric 

 acid was also thrown down on the addition 

 of acids. This latter reaction, however, is 

 not peculiar to this disease, I having myself 

 often observed it in low forms of fever and 

 also in small-pox. Heller relates the case of 

 a boy in which the urine had the odour of 

 hydrosulphate of ammonia, and deposited urate 

 of soda. 



PLEURITIS. 



In this disease the urine in general exhibits 

 much the same characters as in pneumonia. 



EMPYEMA. 



In cases of empyema the urine has been 

 observed to contain pus by Schonlein and 

 Simon. The empyema gradually disappeared, 

 the urine containing albumen, and the deposit, 

 when examined, showing the ordinary pus 

 corpuscles. 



HEPATITIS. 



In hepatitis the urine is extremely deficient 

 in urea, according to Rose, who in one case 

 believed it absent. Henry agrees in this 

 opinion ; and Coindet states that, instead of 

 urea, the urine contains a substance resembling 

 bilin. Simon and Becquerel, however, differ 

 from Rose and Henry, and mention a case of 

 hepatitis in which urea was excreted in excess. 



NEPHRITIS. 



In this disease, when it assumes the acute 

 character, the urine is often bloody and very 

 acid, and deposits the uric acid crystalline 

 deposit. In arthritic nephritis the quantity 

 of the uric acid crystals is sometimes ex- 

 tremely great. In a case mentioned by Schon- 

 lein the sediment occupied half the volume 

 of the urine. 



CHRONIC NEPHRITIS, ALBUMINOUS NEPHRI- 

 TIS, MORBUS BRIGHTII. 

 In the morbus Brightii the urine contains 

 abundance of albumen. Blood is occasionally 

 observed in the early stages. It is generally 

 acid, far less frequently alkaline, and occasion- 



