ARTICHOKE 



ft. in the rows, and the rows should be 4 or 5 ft. apart. 

 In this country, the plant is propagated mostly by seeds. 

 These are sown early in the spring. Seedlings rarely 



ARUM 



144. Edible heads of Artichoke (X 



give many heads before the second year. A quicker and 

 better method of propagation is to use the suckers, which 

 are freely produced about the crown. The suckers repro- 

 duce the variety. The Artichoke is little known in Amer- 

 ica, but is worthy greater attention. The habit of propa- 

 gating by seed is, perhaps, one reason why the Artichoke 

 has not obtained greater prominence in this country. 

 The great woolly, pinnatifid Ivs. and strong habit make 

 the plant an attractive ornamental subject. See Cardoon. 



ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM (Helidnthus tiiberdsus, 

 Linn.). Comp6sitce. While the Globe Artichoke is sel- 

 dom seen in American gardens or on American tables, 

 and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem 

 Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed. 

 The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun- 

 flower-like plant. (Fig. 145.) It thrives on almost any 

 drained land, without much attention as to manuring, 

 and without coddling. The tubers may be cut to single 

 eyes and planted like common potatoes. The cultivation 

 is about the same as that usually given to corn or pota- 

 toes. Any time in the fall after frost has killed the tops, 

 or the latter have matured, the crop can be gathered. 

 Pull up the whole plant by the roots, or dig the tubers 

 with a potato hook or prong hoe. Or, swine may be turned 

 into the field and allowed to root up and feed on the 

 tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of 

 them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with ground 



grains, to poultry 

 with good results. 

 As a succulent food 

 for cattle, sheep, 

 swine, and perhaps 

 other farm stock, this 

 tuber seems to de- 

 serve more general 

 attention on the part 

 of the American 

 farmer than it has 

 usually received. It 



is far ahead of the potato in productiveness, and much 

 more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with 

 vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or 

 spring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited 

 sale in our markets. The chief demand for it will be 

 for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop 

 over winter is by leaving the tubers in the ground 



145. Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke 



where they grew, as they are not hurt by frost when 

 covered with soil. Tubers already gathered can be 

 pitted like beets or turnips, but will need even less cover- 

 ing of soil. The Mammoth White French is said by some 

 propagators to be an improved strain of the ordinary or 

 Jerusalem Artichoke. The plant often becomes a weed ; 

 but hogs will root it out. The plant is native to upper 

 Canada and middle parts of the U. S. It was cult, by the 

 Indians. See ffelianthus. T. GREINER. 



ARTOCARPUS (artos, bread, and carpos, fruit) . Urti- 

 cacece. BREAD FRUIT. Tropical fruit plants, originally 

 from the East Indies, sometimes cult, with difficulty in 

 northern botanic gardens for their great economic inter- 

 est. They need a hot, moist atmosphere, much water, 

 and perfect drainage. Prop, slowly by cuttings of young 

 lateral growth. The fruits do not bear shipment to the N. 



incisa, Linn. f. BREAD FRUIT. Tree, 30-40 ft., with a 

 viscid, milky juice : branches fragile : Ivs. 1-3 ft. long, 

 leathery, ovate, cuneate and entire at base, upper part 

 3-9-lobed : male fls. in a dense club-shaped yellow catkin, 

 10-16 in. long; female fls. in a subglobular echinate head, 

 having a spongy receptacle : fr. as large as a melon, 

 typically muricated, but in the best cult, varieties reticu- 

 lated only, and seedless. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gng. 5: 233, and 

 B.M. 2869-71, where the romantic story of its transfer to 

 the West Indies is told. Sparingly cult, in S. Fla. 



integrifdlia, Linn. f. JACK FRUIT. Tree, 30 ft., with 

 milky juice: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, very various; those of fer- 

 tile branches nearly obovate, entire ; those of higher 

 branches more obovate and oblong ; those of young shoots 

 from the root very narrow, or 2-3-lobed : fr. attaining a 

 weight of 60-70 Ibs. Less palatable than the bread fruit. 

 The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest- 

 nuts. G. C. 111.20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. 39, p. 273. 

 Gn. 35:455. 



Cannonii, Bull. Lvs. varying from cordate to deeply 

 3-lobed, 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur- 

 ple above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21 : 2231-2. 



ARUM (ancient name). Aroidece. Tuber-bearing low 

 herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple, 

 the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va- 

 riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis- 

 tillate fls. at the base. Grown usually as oddities, mostly 

 under the general name of Callas. Some of the species 

 are hardy ; others, as A. Palcestinum, are tender, and 

 require glasshouse treatment. The tender kinds are 

 managed in essentially the same way as the fancy -leaved 

 Caladiums. Plant the tubers sufficiently deep that roots 

 may form from near the top. Give rich soil, and water 

 freely when growing or in bloom. The hardy species 

 should be well mulched in late fall. They thrive best in 

 partially shaded places and in rich soil. Prop, by nat- 

 ural offsets ; also by seeds or berries, which some spe- 

 cies produce freely. Some of the species are acrid- 

 poisonous. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandolle's Mono- 

 graphise Phonerogamarum, vol. 2. 



The following names are in the American trade : 

 albispathum, Nos. 5, 7; alpinum, 6; Arisarum = 

 Arisarum vulgare ; Byzantinum, 7 ; Canariense, 7 ; 

 concinnatum, 7; cormitum=1', Corsicum,!; crinitum = 

 Helicodiceros crir.itus ; cylindraceum, 7; Cyprium, 2; 

 detruncatum, 3 ; Dioscoridis, 2 ; Dracunculus = Dracun- 

 culus vulgaris; elongation, 5; gratum,5; immaculatum, 

 6; intermedium, 6; Italicum, 7; maculatum, 6; Malyi, 

 6; marmoratum, 7; nigrum, 5; Nordmanni,5; orientate, 

 5; Palcestinum, 4; pictum, 1; sanctum, 4; spectabile, 2; 

 Syriacum, 2 ; ternatum = Pinellia tuberifera ; vario- 

 latum, 5 ; vulgare, 6 ; Zelebori, 6. 



A. Mature Ivs. cordate, oblong-ovate. 



1. pictum, Linn. f. (A. C6rsicum, Lois.). Lvs. ap- 

 pearing in spring, long-petioled, light green : spathe 

 bright violet, swollen at the base : spadix purple-black, 

 exceeding the spathe. Corsica, Balearica, etc. Hardy. 



AA. Mature Ivs. hastate or sagittate. 

 B. Tuber round-flattened or oblate, the Ivs. and pedun- 

 cles arising from a depressed center: Ivs. appear- 

 ing before the spathe. 



2. Dioscoridis, Sibth. & Smith (A. spectdbile, Regel. 

 A. Syriacum, Blume. A. Cyprium, Schott.). Leaf- 



