BRYOPHYLLUM 



with 4 sliarhtly curving tips (Fig. 275). Mex. B.M. 1409. 

 LBC. 877. -It' is siifd that the Ivs. are sour in the morn- 

 ing, tasteless at noon, and somewhat bitter towards 

 evening. This cluinirt- has been attributed to the absorp- 

 tion of oxygen at night and its disengagement in daylight. 



W. M. 

 BUCKEYE. Consult ^Escnlu*. 



BUCKTHORN. Rliamnus, particularly /?. catharticus 



BUDDLEIA 



187 



281. Apple twig, showing an expanding flower-bud. 



BUCKWHEAT (Fagopprum esculentum, Moench). 

 Po1ygo)i()cei, A tender annual grain plant, flour being 

 made of the large 3-cornered fruit. It is much grown in 

 the northern U. S., usually being sown about the first of 

 July. It is also a favorite for bee forage. Buckwheat is 

 native to central Siberia and Manchuria, and is now 

 widely cult., although it is a grain of secondary impor- 

 tance! The flower-cluster is shown in Fig. 276. The 

 Tartarian Buckwheat (F. Tatdricum, Gaertn.) is occa- 

 sionally seen. It has smaller and yellowish fls., and a 

 smaller, roughish, wavy-angled fruit. 



BUD. The undeveloped or embryo state of a branch. 

 As commonly known to the horticulturist, the bud is a 

 more or less" dormant organ ; that is, the horticulturist 

 does not recognize the bud until it has attained sufficient 

 size to be obvious or to suggest some practice in the 

 treatment of the plant. In this state the bud usually 

 represents a resting stage of the plant. The bud-cover- 

 ing protects the growing point in the cold or dry season. 

 The bud is a shortened axis or very condensed branch. 



house-leek) is intermediate in structure between a bulb 

 and a normal branch. A cabbage head is essentially a 

 gigantic bud. 



Horticulturists speak of buds as leaf -buds and flower- 

 buds, according as they give rise to barren, leafy branches 

 or to flower branches (for flower-clusters are modified 

 branches). True flower-buds or fruit-buds are those 

 which produce only flowers, as those of the apricot 

 (Fig. 116) and the peach. Mixed flower-buds or fruit- 

 buds are those which contain both flowers and leaves, as 

 those of the apple (Fig. 281) and pear. On dormant 

 plants, leaf -buds and flower-buds are distinguished by 

 position, size and shape. The position of the flower-bud 

 varies with the kind of plant, but is commonly termi- 

 nal, either on a branch of common length or on a very 

 abbreviated branch or spur. The flower-bud is com- 

 monly larger and thicker than the leaf -bud, because it 

 contains the embryo flower. Illustrations of flower- 

 buds and leaf -buds are shown in Figs. 277-280. With 

 Pig. 279 compare Fig. 298, showing a section of cabbage 

 head. The reader is referred to The Pruning-Book for 

 detailed discussion of the subject. 



Of all the buds which form, very many do not grow, 

 being crowded out in the struggle for existence. These 

 buds often remain alive and dormant for several years, 

 each succeeding year decreasing their chances of grow- 

 ing even if favorable conditions occur. It is a common 

 opinion that these dormant buds become covered by the 

 thickening bark, and grow when large limbs are re- 

 moved ; but this is an error. The shoots which arise 

 from a wound on an old limb are from true adventitious 

 buds, or those which are newly formed for the occasion 

 in the cambium. Buds are normally formed in close 

 proximity to leaves, usually in their axils; but adventi- 

 tious buds form under stress of circumstances, without 

 reference to leaves. L. H. B. 



BUDDING. See Graftage. 



BUDDLEIA (after Adam Buddie, an English bota- 

 nist). Syn., Buddlea. Loganiacece. Shrubs or trees, 

 with usually quadrangular branches : Ivs. opposite, short- 

 petioled, deciduous or semi-persistent, usually tomen- 

 tose when unfolding, entire or serrate : 

 fls. in racemes, panicles or clusters ; co- 

 rolla tubular or campanulate, 4-lobed ; 

 stamens included, 4 : fr. a 2-celled cap- 

 sule, with numerous minute seeds. About 

 70 species in tropical and temperate regions 

 of America, Asia and S. Africa, of which 

 only a small number of hardier species is 

 cultivated. Ornamental shrubs, flowering 

 freelv in summer; not quite hardy north; 

 the hardiest seems to be B. Japonica, 

 which may be grown in sheltered positions 

 north, but also many of the others, as B. 

 ylobosa, variabilis, Lindleyana, Colvillei, 

 will stand many degrees of frost, and, when 

 killed to the ground, they freely push forth 



277. Apple buds fruit- 

 bud on the left, leaf- 

 bud on the right. 



278. Pear twigs fruit- 

 buds on the left, leaf- 

 buds on the right. 



The dormant or resting bud (as the winter bud of all 

 trees) is covered with protective scales which are modi- 

 fied leaves ; and the core of it is the nascent or embryo 

 branch or flower-cluster, with rudimentary leaves. Since 

 the bud is an embryo branch, it follows that disbudding 

 is a most efficient means of pruning. A bulb is a form 

 of bud ; and a dense rosette of leaves (as in the common 



279. Sections of pear buds - 



fruit-bud on the left, leaf- the peach, 



bud on the right. The mid- 



dle bud is 



young shoots, which will flower mostly the a leaf-bud 

 same season, especially .Z?. Japonica, Lind- ?" d th , e 

 leyana and intermedia. The handsomest buds S are 

 in flower are B. Colvillei, variabilis, glo- fruit buds. 

 bosa and Lindleyana. They grow best in 

 a light, well-drained soil, in a sunny position. Prop, 

 readily by seeds sown in spring in gentle bottom heat, 



