CALCEOLARIA 



CALIFORNIA 



215 



and spotted on the up-curved slipper. Peru, Bolivia. B.M. 

 6330. 6'. Pavbnii, Benth. Herbaceous : Ivs. large and wrinkled, 

 ovate, truncate or cordate at base, the radical ones winged, all 

 jagged and toothed : ns. large, clear yellow, the lip up-curved. 

 Peru. B.M. 4.VJ.V ('. PtMMOfUlnrf*, Meyer. Shrubby: Ivs. 

 ovate-cordate, nearly or quite obtuse, nearly sessile, irregu- 

 larly crenate, margins renexed : fls. large, orange varying to 

 red, the slipper up-curved. Peru. B.M. 5677. C. plantcfginea, 

 Smith Herbaceous, stemless : Ivs. ovate-spatulate, toothed at 

 top : scapes many, few-fld., the fls. large, yellow, the under 

 side of the slipper dotted with red. Chile. B.M. 2805.- C. Sin- 

 clairii. Hook. Herbaceous, half-hardy: Ivs. oblong-ovate, 

 stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy : Us. small, lilac or flesh-col- 

 ored, spotted within, the two lips nearly equal, not saccate. 

 New Zeal. B.M. 6597. C. tenella, Poepp. & Endl. Herba- 

 ceous, half-hardy, 6 in. high : Ivs. ovate or orbicular, small 

 (%in. long), nearly or quite sessile : fls. yellow, spotted within. 

 Chile. B.M. 6231. C. violdcea, Cav. Shrubby: Ivs. small, 

 ovate-cordate, deep-toothed, stalked : fls. yellow-salmon, 

 spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile. 

 B.M. 4929. L. H. B. 



CALENDULA (Latin, calendar or calends: flowering 

 throughout the months ) . Compdsitce. Herbs of temper- 

 ate regions, of 20 or more species. Annuals or peren- 

 nials, with alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads 

 with yellow or orange rays, glabrous incurved akenes, 

 plane naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre 

 broad, with scales in one or two series. 



officinalis, Linn. POT MARIGOLD. Fig. 316. Annual: 

 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more 

 or less clasping, entire, thickish : heads solitary, on 

 stout stalks, large with flat, spreading rays, showy, 

 closing at night. S. Eu. B.M. 3204. One of the most 

 universal garden fls., running into many vars., distin- 

 guished by size, color, and degree of doubling. The 

 color varies from white-yellow to deep orange. This is 

 the Marygold of Shakespeare's time. The fl.-heads are 

 sometimes used in cookery, to flavor soups and stews. 

 The Calendula is of the easiest culture in any warm, 

 loose soil. The seeds are usually sown where the plants 

 are to stand, but they may be sown indoors or in a 

 frame and the plants transplanted. The akenes are 

 large and germinate quickly. The plant blooms the 

 whole season, particularly if the fls. are picked. It is a 

 hardy annual, and in the southern states will bloom 

 most of the year. 



suffruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses- 

 sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel- 

 low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles. 

 W. Mediterranean region. Seeds are sold by American 

 dealers. 



C. Pongei, Hort., and C. pluvidlis, Linn., will be found under 

 Dimorphotheca. L. H B 



CALICO BUSH is a Kalmia. 



CALIFORNIA, HORTICULTURE IN. California oc- 

 cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a 

 vast area, much of which is peculiarly well-fitted to 

 horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, Maine, New Jersey, 

 Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, 

 Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area 

 than California. The range of products grown suc- 

 cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as 

 that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea- 

 level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants, 

 such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but 

 on the sheltered uplands of California many species 

 which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home. 

 Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one 

 finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal- 

 nuts and prunes of France ; the olives, oranges, lemons, 

 chestnuts, figs and pomegranates of Italy and Spain ; 

 the Acacias, Eucalypts, Casuarinas, and salt-bushes of 

 Australia ; the melons of Turkestan ; the cotton and to- 

 bacco of the south ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul- 

 berries, and other products of the more extreme north, 

 the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the 

 costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief, 

 examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural 

 productions of the temperate zones. 



While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight- 

 ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi- 

 gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California 



were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms, 

 and European grapes, about the early Missions. After 

 the American conquest, and the gold discovery of 1848, 

 horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands 

 below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its 

 gardens and its beginnings of orchards. Soon the 

 thoughts of men turned to the broad, fertile, untilled 

 valleys, and in a few years the wheat farmer became the 

 typical Californian. Lastly, the state entered upon a 

 magnificent and still continuing period of horticultural 

 development, which well deserves to be written down in 

 history as one of the most important facts of modern 

 material progress. 



Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of 

 California were considered "nearly all waste." Now, 



316. Calendula officinalis, double-flowered (X %). 



one finds that forests, pastures, farms, gardens, so sug- 

 gestively occupy the land that, although there is room 

 for many more, it is difficult to call anything worthless 

 except the great heights that shelter and water the val- 

 leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams, 

 and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian 

 wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine, 

 modern India, are being repeated over large districts of 

 California. 



The great valleys and nearly level lands of Califor- 

 nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise 

 about 40,000,000 acres of land; the foothill fruit-belts, 



