216 



CALIFORNIA 



of Coast Range and Sierra, hardly as yet one-tenth oc- 

 cupied, comprise fully 25,000,000 acres; in timber and 

 fine grazing lands, capable of perpetual renewals, are 

 12,000,000 acres; high mountains cover some 13,000,000 

 acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri- 

 gation, or slowly conquered by neutralizing their super- 

 abundant alkali, occupy about 10,000,000 acres. Over 

 these great areas every wind current, every mountain 

 spur, every alteration in slope or altitude, helps to make 

 a local climate. The complicated geological develop- 

 ment of California has produced soils almost as varied 

 as its local climates. Still, the state can be conveniently 

 divided into five characteristic climate-zones: in the 

 high Sierras the mean annual temperature is from 30 

 to 44; in the lower Sierras it is from 44 to 52; near 

 the Pacific ocean it is from 52 to 67 ; in the central 

 valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin it is from 60 to 

 68, and in the southern counties from 68 to 72. But 

 every part of California shows very sharp horticultural 

 contrasts upon farms not a mile apart. Local climate is 

 the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in- 

 stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val- 

 ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland 

 Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end; 

 groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and 

 rich alfalfa fields along the "bottoms " of the Sacramento 

 valley rivers. See Fig. 317. 



Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul- 

 ture of California can be shown only by some of its re- 

 sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the 

 records. Take the well-known industry of raisin-mak- 

 ing. In 1873, 120,000 pounds were produced in Califor- 

 nia. By 1894 this crop had grown to 103,000,000 pounds. 

 The interstate shipments of fresh fruits, beginning late 

 in the seventies, rose by 1894 to nearly 180,000,000 

 pounds. The interstate shipments of dried fruits rose 

 between 1884 and 1897, from about 2,000,000 pounds to 

 150,000,000 pounds. During the same period of only 13 

 years, the product of beet-sugar increased from about 

 2,000,000 to over 70,000,000 pounds. Oranges, for many 

 years a noted California product, rose between 1884 and 

 1898, from 850,000 boxes to 4,640,000 boxes. Turning to 

 some other separate industries, in 1897 the dried apricot 

 crop was over 30,000,000 pounds, the prune crop was 

 over 97,000,000 pounds, the dried peach crop was over 



-IJAR.IZONA 



v/v COAST A-ND 



COAST VALLtTS 



-SC- INTERIOR VALA.EYS 

 *&*. FOOTMIU* 



23- MOUNTAIN. PLATEAUX. 

 ANO OCSERT 



n 



Fig. 317. Horticultural regions of California. 



27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in 

 1897 was 34,500,000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit 

 in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful 

 tabulation of the area planted to fruit-trees and vines, 



CALLIANDRA 



made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti- 

 mated as follows : 



Kind Acreage 



Citrus and semi-tropic 95.000 



Deciduous fruits 200.000 



Nut-bearing trees 25,000 



Grapes 191,933 



Small fruits 5,081 



Total 517,014 



At the usual distances of planting, this would give 

 48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines. 

 Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and yet the 

 acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and 

 worn-out orchards have been destroyed. The area in 

 small fruits has nearly doubled. The citrus and semi- 

 tropic fruits have somewhat increased in area. There 

 have been seasons of heavy frosts and of light rainfall. 

 The industry has been less generally profitable during 

 recent years. A multitude of lesser horticultural occu- 

 pations have attracted attention. 



Among these new horticultural industries of the last 

 decade or so are the extensive growth of tree, flower and 

 vegetable seeds, of cut-flowers, of vegetables and of dec- 

 orative plants. California has always had important 

 nurseries and large market-gardens, but there is now a 

 tendency to specialize more than ever before, and to 

 supply, in many departments, the markets of America 

 and Europe. Portugese, Italian, Chinese and Japanese 

 peasants have settled in large numbers in the richer 

 districts of California, introducing their special horti- 

 cultural industries. Large farms and orchards are still 

 profitable, but every year the small, well-tilled plots in- 

 crease in number and relative importance. 



CHARLES H. SHINN. 

 CALIFORNIA POPPY is Mschscholtzia. 



CALIFORNIA YELLOW BELLS is Emmenanthe 

 penduli flora. 



CALlMERIS (Greek, beautiful arrangement). Com- 

 pdsitce. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, but 

 horticulturally distinct, and differing from that genus 

 in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal, 

 scarious-margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle. 

 Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low growth, 

 suited to the border in front of stronger plants. C '. Ta- 

 tarica is described in the genus Heteropappus. 



incisa, DC. (Aster inclsus, Fisch. ) . One to 2 ft., erect, 

 corymbose at the summit : Ivs. lanceolate, remotely in- 

 cise-dentate : scales of involucre red -margined : fls. 

 large, purple-rayed or almost white, and yellow-centered. 

 Of easy culture in any good soil, making a display 

 throughout July and Aug. The commonest species. 



Altaica, Nees (Aster Altdicus, Willd.). Lower, pu- 

 bescent or hispid : Ivs. linear-lanceolate and entire : 

 scales of involucre pubescent and white-margined : rays 

 narrow, blue. L jj_ g 



CALIPHRURIA. See Calliphruria. 



CALLA (ancient name, of obscure meaning). Arbidece. 

 A monotypic genus, containing a native bog-plant with 

 a white spathe. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2- 

 ranked Ivs. Differs from Orontium in the parallel sec- 

 ondary and tertiary veins of the leaf -blade. See Rich- 

 ardia for C. ^dSthiopica, albomaculata, JSlliottiana, and 

 nana. The Calla of florists, or Calla Lily, is Richardia. 



palustris, Linn. Fig. 318. Rhizome bearing many dis- 

 tichous Ivs. one year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the pe- 

 duncle : petioles cylindrical, long-sheathed : blade cor- 

 date: spathe elliptical, or ovate-lanceolate, white. Eu., 

 N. Asia, and E. N. Amer. B. M. 1831. An interesting 

 little perennial plant, useful for outdoor ponds. 



JARED G. SMITH. 



CALLIANDRA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu- 

 mindsce. Tropical American shrubs, distinguished from 

 Acacia by the presence of a thickened margin on the 

 pod. Lvs. bipinnate; If ts. numerous: fls. usually borne 

 in globose heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu- 

 merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, in 

 S. Calif., and prop, by cuttings. 



