302 



CHBYSALIDOCARPUS 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



carefully watered in order not to sour the soil. In the 

 preparation of the receptacles for the seed, a little gravel 

 in the bottom will be found good, as the roots work very 

 freely through it, and when the time comes to separate 

 the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter to 



444. Chrysalidocarpus 

 lutescens. 



disentangle the roots without bruising them. Probably 

 the plan which works best is to wash the soil and gravel 

 entirely from among the roots. Pot in soil not too dry, 

 and for the next few days keep the house extra warm 

 and humid, and the plants shaded from the sun without 

 any moisture applied to the soil for the first few days. 

 JABED G. SMITH and G. W. OLIVER. 



CHRYSANTHEMUM (Greek, golden flower). Includ- 

 ing Pyrethrum. Compositce. A large genus of herba- 

 ceous and sub-shrubby plants, mostly hardy, and typi- 

 cally with white or yellow single fls., but the more im- 

 portant kinds greatly modified in form and color. Ben- 

 tham and Hooker make 22 subgenera (of which about 

 6 include the garden forms ) , based chiefly on the man- 

 ner in which the seeds are ribbed, cornered, or winged, 

 and the form of the pappus. The garden Pyrethrum s 

 cannot be kept distinct from Chrysan- 

 themums by garden characters. The 

 garden conception of Pyrethrum is 

 a group of hardy herbaceous plants, 

 with mostly single flowers, as op- 

 posed to the florists' or autumn Chry- 

 santhemums, which reach perfection 

 only under glass, and the familiar 

 annual kinds, which are commonly 

 called Summer Chrysanthemums. 

 When the gardener speaks of "Pyre- 

 thrums, "he usually means P.roseum. 

 Many of the species described below 

 have been called Pyrethrums at va- 

 rious times, but they all have the 

 same specific name under the genus 

 Chrysanthemum, except the most 

 important of all garden Pyrethrums. 

 viz., P. roseum, which is C. coccin- 

 eum. The Feverfew and Golden 

 Feather are still sold as Pyrethrums, 

 and the only other species of impor- 

 tance is P. uliginosum. 445, Type of single chrysanthemum 



The insect powder known as "Pyrethrum, "is produced 

 from the dried flowers of C. cinerarice folium and C. 

 coccineum. The former species grows wild in Dalmatia, 

 a long, narrow, mountainous tract of the Austrian em- 

 pire. "Dalmatian Insect Powder "is one of the com- 

 monest insecticides, especially for household pests. C. 

 cinerarice folium is largely cultivated in France. C. coc- 

 cineum is cult, in Calif., and the product is known as 

 Buhach. See Lodeman, The Spraying of Plants, and 

 Rep. U. S. Com. Agr. 1881-2, p. 76. 



There are over one hundred books about the Chrysan- 

 themum, and its magazine literature is probably ex- 

 ceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the flower 

 of the east, as the rose is the flower of the west. Aside 

 from oriental literature, there were 83 books mentioned 

 by C. Harman Payne, in the Catalogue of the National 

 Chrysanthemum Society for 189G. Most of these are 

 cheap cultural guides, circulated by the dealers. The 

 botany of the two common species has been monographed 

 by W. B. Hemsley in the Gardeners' Chronicle, series 

 III., vol. 6, pp. 521, 555, 585, 652, and in the Journal of 

 the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. 12, part I. The great 

 repositories of information regarding the history of the 

 Chrysanthemum, from the garden point of view, are the 

 scattered writings of C.. Harman Payne, his Short His- 

 tory of the Chrysanthemum, London, 1885, and the older 

 books of F. W. Burbidge and John Salter. For informa- 

 tion about varieties, see the Catalogues of the National 

 Chrysanthemum Society (England) and the Liste De- 

 scriptive, and supplements thereto, by O. Meulenaere, 

 Ghent, Belgium. The best book written by an American 

 is Chrysanthemum Culture for America, by James Mor- 

 ton, N. Y., 1891. There are a number of rather expensive 

 art works, among which one of the most delightful is the 

 Golden Flower : Chrysanthemum, edited by F. Schuyler 

 Mathews, pub, by Prang, Boston, 1890. 



TYPES OF THE COMMON CHRYSANTHEMUM. The com- 

 mon Chrysanthemums of the florists are also called 

 " large-flowering," and "autumn Chrysanthemums," 

 though neither of these popular names is entirely accu- 

 rate or distinctive. They are the blended product of C. 

 Lndicum and G. mori folium (or C. Sinense),tv?o species 

 of plants that grow wild in China and Japan. From 10 

 to 15 dominant types are recognized by the National 

 Chrysanthemum Society of England. 



The words "types," "races," and "sections," have 

 always been used by horticulturists to express much 

 the same thing, but types can always be clearly defined, 

 while sections cannot, and the word race should be 

 restricted to cultivated varieties that reproduce their 

 character by seed, which is not the case with the large- 

 flowering Chrysanthemums. The following explanation 

 and scheme, it is hoped, will clearly set forth the main 

 types, and explain some of the many terms that confuse 

 the beginner. The horticultural sections are wholly 

 arbitrary, being chiefly for the convenience of competi- 

 tors at exhibitions, and therefore changing with the 

 fashions. The present classification is based wholly on 

 the form of the flower, as each type 

 vn. can be had in any color found in 



