CINERARIA 



CISSAMPELOS 



319 



cool and shaded a position as can be provided. Of the 

 different species of Cineraria from S. Europe, C. tnuri- 

 tima is perhaps the best. It is of dwarf habit, with 

 tomentose, silvery, pinnatifid leaves, and is a most use- 

 ful subject for edging flower beds. It is not hardy in 

 this climate, consequently must be treated as an annual, 

 sowing the seeds early in March in the greenhouse, 

 afterwards treating them as ordinary summer bedding 

 plants. The other species from south and eastern 

 Europe do not prove hardy here, and if grown should 

 be treated as tender annuals, planting them in the her- 

 baceous borders for the summer. The species from the 

 Cape of Good Hope require greenhouse treatment, the 

 culture being the same as for the common Cineraria, 

 though, from an ornamental point of view, they would 

 hardly pay for the room they would occupy. 



EDWARD J. CANNING. 



ClNNA (old Greek substantive). Graminece. Peren- 

 nial woods grasses allied to Agrostis and Calamagrostis, 

 with 1-fld., much-flattened spikelets, 1-nerved palet, 1 

 stamen, and a loose open panicle. The two northern 

 species are offered by collectors: C. arundinacea, Linn., 

 with the branches of the panicle ascending or erect ; 

 C. p^ndula, Trin., with the branches very slender and 

 drooping. These grasses (growing 3-7 ft.) are useful in 

 wild borders. 



CINNAMOMUM (the ancient Greek name). Laura- 

 cece. Fifty or more trees and shrubs of Asia, mostly 

 tropical, of which 2 or 3 are cult, in the extreme south- 

 ern U.S. The Ivs. are thick and ribbed, mostly opposite: 

 fls. usually perfect, with 9 perfect stamens in 3 rows and 

 a row of imperfect ones : fr. a small, 1-seeded berry, in 

 a cup-like calyx : buds not scaly. The Cinnamon of 

 commerce is mostly the bark of C. Zeylanicum, Nees ; 

 and this is sparingly cult, in S. Pla. and S. Calif. It is 

 cult, in Ceylon and other oriental countries. It is a 

 small tree, with ovate-oblong, shining, 3-5-nerved Ivs., 

 and small, yellow-white fls., in terminal, loose clusters. 

 It is native to E. Ind. and Malaya. C, Camphora, T. 

 Nees and Eberm., is the Camphor tree. By some it is 

 retained in the genus Camphora, and it will be found 

 there in this book. C. Cassia, Blume, of Burma and 

 China, furnishes Cassia bark or "Cassia lignea" of com- 

 merce. It is hardier than the C. Zeylanicum. It is a 

 handsome tree, with stiff, long-oblong, acutish, 3-ribbed 

 shining Ivs., and small ;fls. in tomentose terminal or 

 axillary panicles. The bark is thicker and coarser than 

 that of C. Zeylanicum, and is used to adulterate Cin- 

 namon. The unexpanded, clove-like flower-buds are 

 often sold as Cassia buds. C. Loureirii, Nees. A mid- 

 dle-sized tree of Cochin China, is rarely sold as a glass- 

 house plant. It has an aromatic odor. Lvs. opposite or 

 alternate, rigid, elliptic or oblong. Petiole %-% in. long. 

 There is a form with variegated Ivs. C. pedunculatum, 

 Presl, from Japan, is also sold as a glasshouse subject. 

 It is a glabrous tree, with thick, petioled, oblong-lanceo- 

 late, 3-nerved Ivs., which are shining above. Petiole 

 Y<t-% in. long. 



The genus embraces tropical and semi-tropical shrubs 

 and trees, which are mostly of economic value, and in 

 one or more cases are valuable shade trees for lawn 

 and street planting. The Ivs. are evergreen, usually of 

 a rich, shining green, and in C. Camphora have a 

 silvery blue color on the under surfaces. C. Camphora, 

 the Camphor tree, is hardy in the lower Gulf states, and 

 is now being extensively planted, both for shade and 

 extraction of gum (see Camphora). C Cassia is not 

 quite so hardy, but withstands a temperature of 20 Fahr. 

 without injury, and has been planted in Florida for 

 manufacture of its various products, oil, gum, buds and 

 cinnamon bark. The true Cinnamon of commerce is 

 prepared from the bark of C. Zeylanicum, a tropical 

 species, likely to be extensively grown in Mexico and 

 the West Indies. The various species are usually propa- 

 gated by seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe in a shaded 

 bed, the seedlings being transplanted when very small 

 into pots and kept thus growing until permanent plant- 

 ing out. The species, without exception, are very diffi- 

 cult to transplant from the open ground, and hence pot- 

 grown plants are almost a necessity. Cuttings of half- 

 ripened wood of some species may be rooted in the 

 spring in moderate heat, following the usual method of 



preparation, and planting in coarse sand. The soil best 

 suited to Cinnamomums in general, and C. Camphora 

 in particular, is sandy loam, although a heavy loam, 

 where well prepared, answers fairly well. The sandy 

 soil of Florida, when moderately manured, suits all spe- 

 cies so far tried admirably. 



E. X. REASONER and L. H. B. 

 CINNAMON VINE. A name for species of Dioscorea. 



ClNQUEFOIL. A species of Potentilla. 



CIRC JE A ( Circe, the enchantress ) . Onagracece. A few 

 species of low woods herbs in N. Amer. and Eu., two 

 of which are in the trade for growing in shady places and 

 about garden bogs. They are interesting little plants, 

 but not showy. Of easy culture in shady, damp spots. 

 Lvs. opposite and stalked: fls. perfect, small, and white, 

 in terminal and lateral racemes ; calyx tube hairy : fr. a 

 small, bristly bur. 



Lutetiana, Linn. Erect and branching, 1-2 ft. , the stem 

 swollen at the nodes : Ivs. ovate-acuminate, more or less 

 rounded at the base: pedicels slender, reflexed in fruit: 

 fr. 2-celled. Woods, E. 



Pacifica, Asch. & Mag. From 6-12 in. ; smaller than 

 the above, Ivs. less acuminate, fls. smaller, fr. 1-celled 

 and less bristly. Col., N. and W. ^ H g 



CIBRHOPETALUM (tendril petal, alluding to the nar- 

 row lateral sepals). Orchidacece, tribe Epidendrece. 

 Nearly 50 Old World tropical orchids, none of which are 

 in the American trade. The tail-like lateral sepals give 

 the fls. an odd appearance. Allied to Bulbophyllum 

 They are epiphytes, and are grown in baskets or on blocks 

 in a warmhouse. Leading species are : C. Cumingii f 

 Lindl. (B.M. 4996); C. Medusae, Lindl. (B.M.4977. I.H. 

 39:154. G.C. Ill, 21:25); C. picturatum, Lodd. (B. M. 

 6802) ; C. pulchrum, N. E. Brown (I. H. 33: 608. A. F. 

 6:609); C. Thouarsii, Lindl. (B.M. 4237). C. Sinense 

 is evidently a trade name. 



Being of rambling habit, with creeping rhizomes, Cir- 

 rhopetalums should be grown in baskets, sufficiently large 

 to afford plenty of growing surface, and suspended from 

 the roof, where they will get plenty of light and free 

 access of air to the roots, which is equally essential. 

 Liberal allowance must be made for drainage, which 

 should consist of either broken potsherds or charcoal, 

 the latter being preferable, as it is light, durable and con 

 tains nothing detrimental. Two-thirds osmunda, or other 

 clean fiber, and one-third chopped live sphagnum moss, 

 well mixed together, afford a good compost ; and after 

 this has been carefully tucked in about the roots and 

 interstices, the plant should be held firm with brass or 

 copper wire until reestablished. The compost should be 

 used rather sparingly to prevent over-watering. Many 

 of the smaller-growing species do very well on orchid 

 blocks, firmly attached, with a small quantity of compost 

 beneath them. During the winter months, little or no 

 shade is required. The temperature may range from 

 58 to 65 F. by night, with about 10 rise through the 

 day, or even a little more, with sun -heat, will do no injury. 

 No artificial heat is necessary in summer, except in ex- 

 treme cold or wet weather, but a shaded, moist location 

 should be selected, such as is afforded in the cattleya 

 or palm department. When the plants are dormant, 

 light syringing overhead will keep the compost moist 

 and the plants in healthy condition, but as the growing 

 season advances, a liberal quantity of water and copious 

 syringing in bright weather will be necessary. The stock 

 is increased by division, the most judicious method 

 being to cut nearly through the rhizome with a sharp 

 knife, about three pseudobulbs behind the lead, just be- 

 fore growth action, allowing the part to remain until the 

 dormant eyes start to grow, when it may be removed and 

 treated as an established plant. A little extra heat and 

 moisture at this period will prove beneficial with the 

 weak plants. All are of moderately easy culture. 



ROBT. M. GREY. 



ClESIUM. Refer to Cnieus. 



CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper- 

 macece. Vines : fls. in axillary racemes or clusters, the 

 plant dioecious ; sterile fls. with 4 or 2 sepals and as many 



