550 



ESCHSCHOLZIA 



fl. saucer-shaped, opening in sunshine, 2-3 in. across, 

 yellow or orange or cream-colored : pod 3-4 in. long, 

 strong-ribbed : torus large and funnel-shape. Calif, 

 and Ore., mostly along the coast. B.M. 2887. B.R. 

 14:1168. E.H. 1894, p. 381. One of the most popular 

 garden fls. It is treated as a hardy annual. Seeds may 

 be sown very early. It stands considerable cold, and 

 blooms after the first frosts. If well protected, plants 

 of one season's growth will pass the winter and give 

 some bloom the following spring. It sometimes self- 

 sows. Very attractive as an edging, because of its in- 

 teresting bluish foliage. There are double-fld. forms. 

 Very variable, and cult, under a variety of names, as 

 C. maritima, Hort. (not Greene), C. varia, Hort. (trade 

 name for mixed varieties), C. aurantlaca, Hort., and 

 C. alba, Hort. The so-called white varieties are not yet 

 pure white. Do not bear transplanting well. 



Var. crdcea, Hort. (E. crdcea, Benth.). Fls. deep 

 orange: torus very widely expanded: calyx bud long- 

 attenuate. B.R. 20:1677. B.M. 3495. 



Var. Douglasii, Gray (E. Doiiglasii, Benth.). Rather 

 more slender, and blooms earlier: fls. pure yellow. 



tenuifdlia, Hook. Lower, with finer-cut and denser 

 foliage, the long divisions being almost capillary: fls. 

 small (1 in. across), light yellow, overtopping the Ivs.: 

 torus less prominent. Calif. B.M. 4812. j^ jj t g. 



ESTRAGON. Artemisia Dracunculus. 



EUCALYPTUS (Greek, eu, well; kalypto, to cover as 

 with a lid : the calyx limb covering the flower before 

 anthesis, then falling off in the form of a lid or cover). 

 Myrtacece. GUM TREE. Mostly trees, frequently of im- 

 mense size; a few of the alpine and sub-alpine species 

 shrubby: Ivs. simple, entire (Fig. 781), in the seed- 

 lings and young shoots of many species horizontal, op- 

 posite, sessile and cordate; in the adult mostly vertical 

 (occasionally horizontal), alternate, petiolate and vary- 

 ing from broadly ovate to lanceolate-acuminate and fal- 

 cate, thick or thin, always rigid, penniveined, glabrous, 



781. Eucalyptus Qlobulus (X%). 

 Shoots on a young plant. 



except rarely in the young shoots, sometimes covered 

 with a glaucous wax : umbels solitary and axillary or 

 paniculate, near the ends of the branchlets, usually 

 white : fls. in umbels of 3 to many, rarely solitary ; ca- 

 lyx tube obconical campanulate or oblong, adnate to the 

 ovary at the base ; lobes connate, forming a lid which 

 separates by a circumscissile dehiscence; petals wanting 



EUCALYPTUS 



(or adnate to the calyx-lid) ; stamens numerous, in 

 many rows, usually free, frequently inflexed in bud; 

 anthers small, mostly distinctly longer than broad and 

 opening by parallel longitudinal slits, often almost kid- 

 ney-shaped and opening by divergent longitudinal slits, 

 or truncate and opening by terminal pores ; style undi- 

 vided: fr. a capsule, opening at the top by 3-6 valves; 

 seeds numerous, mostly angular, only a few fertile. 

 For structure of fruit and calyptra, see Figs. 782-788. 

 A genus of about 140 species, all Australasian, except- 

 ing perhaps 5 found in the East Indies. Valuable hard- 

 wood trees, mostly of rapid growth : the timber is ex- 

 ceedingly durable and largely used in Australia by ship- 

 builders, railroad engineers, implement makers, and for 

 building purposes. Felling for timber should be effected 

 towards the end of the dry season, when the flow of the 

 sap is least active. Ring-barking, if necessary, should 

 be performed during the latter part of the cool, or the 

 earlier part of the warm season, so that by largely ex- 

 hausting the sap, the fewest or no new shoots will rise 

 from the root (Mueller). The leaves of many species 

 contain a valuable antiseptic, volatile oil, which is dis- 

 tilled for pharmaceutical purposes. The bark of several 

 species yields a resin (kino) containing tannin in com- 

 mercial quantities, on account of which the name of 

 Gum Trees is applied to the genus. E. Glolulus has 

 been very widely distributed over the globe through the 

 persevering efforts of the late Baron Von Mueller; it is 

 frequently planted in the malarial regions of warm cli- 

 mates, as at the Campagna at Rome, with very benefi- 

 cial effect. (Sanitarians will be interested in "Eucalyp- 

 tus in Algeria and Tunisia, from an hygienic and cli- 

 matological point of view," by Dr. Edward Pepper, 

 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 35:39-56.) In England the same 

 species is grown extensively for subtropical gardening, 

 on account of its distinctive glaucous hue and symmet- 

 rical growth, but in that climate it needs the protection 

 of glass in winter. But few species are really hardy; 

 most of them, however, can be grown successfully in 

 California and countries enjoying a similar climate. 



For ready determination of species in this critical ge- 

 nus, it is necessary to have adult leaves, mature buds, 

 flowers, and mature fruit : immature fruits are often 

 very misleading. Monographed in part by Baron von 

 Mueller in his Eucalyptographia (cited here as F.v. M. 

 Eucal. ), in which 100 species are carefully illustrated. 

 Bentham, describes 135 species (almost the whole ge- 

 nus) in his Flora Australiensis, Vol. 3. The following 

 key has been adapted from Luehmann's Dichotomous 

 Key, published in 1898: the descriptions have been sum- 

 marized from the Eucalyptographia, and subsequently 

 verified by reference -to herbarium specimens wherever 

 these were available. References to Hook. Icon, mean 

 Hooker's Icones Plantarum. 



Culture in the East: Eucalypti are most easily raised 

 from seeds, which generally germinate freely. These 

 should be sown thinly in pots or pans of light, sandy 

 soil, and placed in a little heat. E.Globulus, when in- 

 tended to be used for subtropical bedding or for a group 

 on a lawn, is- best sown in August and grown on through 

 the winter, for use the following season. In this way 

 much larger and better plants may be obtained than 

 when sowing is deferred to the spring. It is best to 

 raise new plants each year, as lifted specimens do not 

 regain their beauty of the preceding season. Being 

 fast-growing plants, considerable space must be al- 

 lowed when they become established, either in the open 

 ground or in pots. A rather rich soil, composed of loam 

 and decayed manure, with the addition of some char, 

 coal, to keep it open, is most suitable. E. maculata, var- 

 citriodora, is very useful for growing in pots in the con- 

 servatory, its lemon-scented leaves rendering it a gen- 

 eral favorite (Nicholson). 



Culture in tJie South: The process of raising Euca- 

 lypts is one of extreme simplicity. Well-ripened seeds, 

 shallowly sown (on open nursery ground, or, should the 

 species be a rare or select one, in wood boxes or seed 

 pans ) germinate quickly ; when about hand-high the 

 seedlings should be transplanted in the nursery, to 

 check the downward growth of the roots and to promote 

 the formation of lateral rootlets, fit to retain some soil 

 while moving such seedlings to places of permanency. 

 The operation of transplanting should be carried out in 



